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Water Pollution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Direct ( Dumping dye and other toxins into waterways as disposal method from textiles industries in Bangladesh
        
        Indirect (Excess nitrates enter waterways from agricultural fertilizers causing algal blooms -eutrophication-)
  - - - Loss of biodiversity
        
        Ecological impact:⬆️in Toxins
        
        Affects reproductive systems
        
        ⬆️metabolic rate
        
        Migration
- - - - Mining activities
        
        Marine dumping
        
        Accidental oil leakage
        
        Burning of fossil fuels
        
        Chemical fertilizers & pesticides
        
        Leakages from sewer lines
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Toxic metals
    - - Noise and thermal
    - - Invasive species
- - - - Method: Test kit, or sensor; Oxygen usually measured as percentage saturation
    - - Method: Indicator paper dipped in sampe and compared to a coloureed chart
    - - Phosphate
        
        Method: Test kit or sensor, phosphate is measured in mg dm^-3
      - Nitrate
        
        Method: Test kit or sensor, nitrate is measured in mg dm^-3
    - - Method: Test kit/ meter/ sensor; the amount of chloride is measure in mg dm ^-3
    - - Method: Test kit; ammonia is measured in mg dm^-3
  - - - e.g.: BOD presence or absence of indicator species
      - Indicator species/ index species: monitoring and measurement of organisms in the ecosystem
      - Their abundance or absence will indicate the level of pollution in that ecosystem
- - - - Count number of group
        
        Note which indicator species present, starting from the top of the list
        
        Take the highest indicator and read across the raw
        
        Stop at the column with the appropriate number of groups of samples
    - - Classified the main characteristics of polluted waters
      - It does not require rigorous sampling technique
      - Difficulties of identification are reduced by the selection of key organisms only to examine
      - It is easily understood by non-biologists
    - - It is insensitive to moderate changes in water quality
      - Generally, it is not responsive to inorganic pollutant
      - It needs to be adapted for rivers outside the severn-trent area
      - No account is taken of actual numbers of organisms
- - - - Turbidity increases and reduces the amount of light reaching submerged plants
      - Rate of deposition of sediment increases because of increased vegetation cover. This reduces the speed of water and decreases the lifespan of lakes
      - NPP is higher compared with unpolluted water and may be seen by extensive algal or bacterial blooms
      - Dissolved oxygen in water decreases, as organisms decomposing the increased bionass repsire and consume oxygen
    - - Negative
        
        Rising level of nutrients lead to an increase in biomass as nutrients are taken up nby plants. This causes a reduction in nutrients in water, so equilibrium is restored
        
        Rising level of algae lead to a rise in other species which feed on them, so number of algae decreases, and equilibrium is restored
        
        Rising levels of dead organisms lead to an increase in number of decomposers which feed on them. More decomposers lead to a decreae in organic matter, so equilibrium is restored
      - Positive
        
        More nutrients lead to more algae growth. Dead and decomposition of algal leads to increased nutrients and further deviation from equilbrium
        
        Rising growth of algal blocks light to other plants and lead to death and therefore added nutrients cause more growth of algae and therefore further deviates from equilibrium.
        
        Increase in bacteria feeding on dead remains leads to rise in BOD and decrease in organism that needs oxygen. This leads to greater BOD and more deviate from equilibrium
- - - - Discuss pollution management strategies to address the root causes of the dead zone shown
- - - - Steps:
        
        Collect 2 samples of water from upstream at source and downstream
        
        Measure dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1st sample immediately. Incubate 2nd sample in a dark place (so that photosynthesis won't happen) at 20°C for 5 days
        
        Re-measure the 2nd sample dissolved oxygen level. Repeat after suitable time frame (e.g. 1 month)
        
        BOD is the difference between the 2 measurements (BOD = DOi - DOf). Impact judged by change in BOD over range of time and space
      - How to analyse BOD
        
        Determined by the number of aerobic organisms and their rate of respiration
        
        The greater the amount of organic pollutant in the water, the more microbes are required to break it down
        
        High BOD indicates there are many organisms using oxygen for respiration, and vice versa
        
        ⬆️ BOD and ⬇️ DO levels indicate ⬆️ pollutant
    - - Leaf and wood debris
      - Dead plants and animals
      - Animal manure
      - Effluents (wastewater treatment, animal feed, food processing plants, pulp and paper mills)
      - Failing septic systems
      - Urban stormwater run-off
    - - Increase in organics provide a food source for decomposers
        
        Decomposers must respire to eat. Respiration consumes DO
        
        The BOD increases proportional to number of decomposers
- - - - Animals that are sensitive to low DO and cannot move to other areas may 💀