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Psychology of the self, Anxiety, The self - lecture 2, Attention - Coggle…
Psychology of the self
1500 onwards - secularisation, 1600-1815 - the enlightenment, 1750 - 1900 - industrialisation, unconscious mind - 1856-1939 (these are just approximate periods of time)
Martin Luther, criticism of the Catholic church, you could pay the church if you have completed a sin and also the bibles were written in Latin - meaning that only the church really had access to the bible, Martin Luther got the bible printed in English and German
Rousseau, believed that the best society was not run by religion or monarchy, it is one where then government enforced the collective will of society. Linking to this the enlightenment questioned religion, monarchy and rights, slavery etc.
Industrial revolution, success was made through hard work, and people would come from the countryside in order to get a job to pay for a better way of living, and this conscious decision to move away from family and to get a better life for yourself
Other events have massively impacted the self, including pandemic, wars, social media, not just the four main ones that are on the slides
Mary Wollstonecraft, living in the period of Enlightenment, she preached for the push of education, she was critical of other women who placed too much value on how they looked rather than placing the attention on their intelligence and building their intellect
Freud "The ego is a not master in its own house" , Freud and Jung fell out over differences in opinion with Jung focusing on the future whereas Freud focuses on the past. Jung believed that Freud's theory of the unconscious was too limited and negative
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Dan Dennett, centre of gravity, the self is not a true actual thing but its just a concept, self is the centre of narrative gravity, it's made up of thoughts, opinions, memories etc
Thomas Paine, Emiline Pankhurst, Karl Marx, Voltaire,
Mirror dot self, normally the child will recognise that it is themself in the mirror if they go to touch the dot that's on their face, social response would be interacting with the mirror as if it was another animal, whereas the self response would be priming themself in the mirror for example
Gorillas, human, chimpanzees and orangutans have common ancestors and therefore this self awareness can stem from the same place. Whereas other animals may have deviated genetically and do not display the same characteristics
4-5 years old we can build the awareness that people's perspectives of us may be different to how we actually see ourself
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this model has been criticised quite a lot, in terms of how you go between each stage
Construals of the self, language can influence the way in which you perceive the world, educational, political, media, Markus and Kitayama, in the UK we largely have an independent culture
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Cultural differences in media language, for example in statements released by an American athlete it was very self-oriented and by a Japanese athlete focus was on other people (eg how they have been supported by other people)
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Anxiety
Separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, generalised anxiety disorder
Self-generated anxieties, externally-triggered anxieties, internally-triggered anxieties
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Urbach-Wiethe Disease, SM, her amydalae are destroyed through calcification, couldn't feel fear, 'emotionally blind to the experience of fear'
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GAD = 6 months min, in Nitsche et al GAD participants had large response of multiple regions in the amygdala for both neural and aversive pictures
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Genetic influences, environmental factors: locus of control, eg the more controlling the mother's style of parenting, the more anxious the children (Hudson and Rapee)
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Harlow's experiment with monkeys, frightening robot
Master did everything on their own, eg control of the buttons, yoked were given the resources but no control over this (couldn't control the buttons), measured contact cling to the cloth mother, masters became habituated to the frightening stimulus but the yoked monkeys stayed anxious
Treatment: SSRI, and combining with CBT helped even more
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The self - lecture 2
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Marshmallow test + follow up - the amount of self-control you have as a kid can be a large predictive factor
Social comparison - downwards comparison = comparing people of a lower status to you, upwards comparison = comparing yourself to people who you would consider better than you
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Promotion focused - motivation linked to gaining positive experiences and prevention focused - motivation linked to not failing etc
Ought self, ideal self and actual self - self discrepancy theory
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Attention
Binding model is resolved by the biased competition model, because this suggests that attention directed towards the preferred stimulus keeps a high neuronal activity, rather than just a divided attention, most of the time this attention can blur out the unnecessary information
Biased competition model, neuronal activity for preferred neurons and non-preferred neurons will be DIFFERENT when stimuli are presented individually.... but it is NOT the sum of neuronal activity, it is a divided average of both the non-preferred and preferred stimuli
Single unit recordings can be used as evidence for the biased competition model because you are looking specifically at individual neurons, so you can see the difference between response to the non-preferred and preferred stimuli
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