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Chapter 3 - Public Health Data and Communications - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 3 - Public Health Data and Communications
Roles of Social Media in Public Health
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Contagion:
Spreads attitudes, norms, misinformation, and disinformation.
Vector:
Medium for risky behaviors, disease spread, and unhealthy promotions.
Inoculant:
Counters misinformation with accurate public health info.
Surveillance:
Tracks real-time trends, behaviors, and disease outbreaks.
Disease Control & Mitigation:
Promotes health behaviors and supports policy advocacy.
Treatment:
Increases access to screening and peer support.
Sources of Public Health Data
Public Health Surveillance:
Data collected, published, and distributed without identifying individuals.
The 7 S’s of Quantitative Sources:
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Single cases or small series.
Statistics and reportable diseases.
Surveys sampling.
Self-reporting.
Sentinel monitoring.
Syndromic surveillance.
Social media
Databases Help With:
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Identifying causes (etiology).
Evidence-based recommendations.
Implementation options.
Outcome evaluation.
Outcomes of Public Health Communications
Proximal Outcomes:
Awareness, information uptake.
Intermediate Outcomes:
Preparedness, policy implementation, behavior adoption.
Distal Outcomes:
Disease rates, mortality, cost-effectiveness.
Collateral Consequences:
Anxiety, discrimination, resource misallocation, erosion of trust.
Influencing Factors of Social Media
Health Communication Attributes:
Message clarity, source credibility, platform characteristics.
Timing, volume, sponsorship, and platform rules.
Pathogen/Disease Characteristics:
Pandemics and catastrophic events spur communication spikes.
Host Properties:
Sociocultural and political contexts.
Online echo chambers can reinforce beliefs or foster communal wisdom.
Evaluating Health Information Quality
Primary Source:
the internet
Types of Information Issues:
Incomplete information: Accurate but lacking full context.
Misinformation: False but believed to be true.
Disinformation: Intentionally false to influence behavior.
Measuring Population Health
Population Health Status Measures:
Life Expectancy:
Overall death experience of a population.
Under-5 Mortality:
WHO measure for children’s health.
Indicates likelihood of surviving adulthood.
Infant Mortality Rate:
Death rate in the first year of life.
Additional Measures:
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL).
Excess Mortality.
Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE):
Includes mobility, cognition, self-care, pain, mood, sensory function.
Combines life expectancy and quality of health.
Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY):
One year lost due to poor health or disability.
Compared to the country with the longest life expectancy (currently Japan).
Factors Influencing Information Perception
three effects
dread effect
unfamiliarity effect
uncontrollability effect
decision analysis
timing: how soon?
probability: how likely?
importance: how important?
Displaying Information
Visuals
use of graphics and visuals
health literacy
ability to process and understand health information for decision-making
Scope of Health Communications
definition
Collect, compile, and present health information.
Perceive, combine, and use information for decision-making.
field growth
Rapid increase in incomplete information, misinformation, and disinformation.
Combining Information for Health Decisions
key information types:
expected utility
Probability × Utility.
decision tree
Graphical methods.
utility scale
Range: 1 (full health) to 0 (death).
Measures value placed on outcomes.
discounting
Emphasizes near-term events over distant ones.
Decision-Maker Roles:
Individual, clinician, or government agency.
Utilizing Health Information for Decisions
Risk-Taking Attitudes:
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Certainty effect.
Long-shot effect.
Risk-takers vs. risk-avoiders.
Decision Approaches:
Inform of Decision:
Clinician decides in the patient’s best interest.
informed consent:
Patient approval required for interventions.
shared decision-making:
Clinician provides info; patient decides.
Conclusions
Impact of Communication:
Shapes health beliefs and behaviors.
Social media has revolutionized public health communication.
Challenges:
Lack of a unified analytical framework.
SPHERE Continuum:
Provides a structure for research and practical collaboration.
Guides experimental design and understanding of social media’s role in public health.