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UK LITERATURE - Coggle Diagram
UK LITERATURE
- THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & ITS INFLUENCE
a) TRANSPORT REV.
b) AGRICULTURAL REV.
c) TECHNOLOGICAL REV.
d) INFLUENCE
- SOCIAL & POLITICAL CHANGES THROUGH LITERATURE
a) SOCIAL CHANGES
b) POLITICAL CHANGES: THE AGE OF REFORM
c) CHANGES DEPICTED IN THE LITERATURE
- CHARLES DICKENS
1.THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & ITS INFLUENCE
a) TRANSPORT REVOLUTION
- Roads
- Canals
- Railways
- Shipping & Ports
b) AGRICULTURAL REV.
- End of Feudalism
- Agricultural productivity (lower food prices)
- Four-field crop rotation system
c) TECHNOLOGICAL REV.
- Factory system (division of labor)
- Textile industry (flying shuttle, spinning wheel, power loom)
- Steam engine (for coal mining)
- Energy sources (coal, electricity, steam power, petrol, internal combustion)
d) INFLUENCE
- The most powerful empire in the world
- Free trade capitalist & globalist economy
- Slaves as another "natural resource"
- Support from Parliamentary government
- Foreign exports, loans & investments
- To Belgium, France, Germany, the US & Japan
2.SOCIAL & POLITICAL CHANGES THROUGH LITERATURE
a) SOCIAL CHANGES
- Demographic Revolution (Rise in population, Urbanization & Overcrowding)
- Scientific Revolution (The Enlightment: Locke, Bacon, Hume, Newton & Darwin)
- Cultural Revolution (Professionalization of literature & Rise of the novel)
b) POLITICAL CHANGES: THE AGE OF REFORM
- Rise of the Middle Class: Great Reform Act, Factory Act, Poor Law, Mines Act, Ten Hours Act, etc.
- Rise of Free Trade: Repeal of the Corn Laws
- Rise of the Working Class: Trade Union Congress
c) CHANGES DEPICTED IN THE LITERATURE
- North vs. South: Gaskell's North and South, Eliot's Silas Marner, Dickens' Bleak House
- Town vs. Countryside: Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbevilles
- Child & women exploitation: Dicken's Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Hard Times
- the Middle-class: Thackeray's Vanity Fair
- Women's education: Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
- Women's marriage: Charlotte Brönte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights
3.CHARLES DICKENS
- Difficult childhood
- Celebrity at 24
- Prolific writer
- Inspired by London
- Social reformer
- Turbulent emotional life
OLIVER TWIST
- the 1st child as protagonist
- Helped change the "Poor Law"
A CHRISTMAS CAROL
- Changed Christmas forever
- Coined famous phrases
BLEAK HOUSE
- the 1st Detective novel
- Inspector Bucket: groundbreaking
-
- THE VICTORIAN AGE
a) SOCIAL CHANGES
b) POLITICAL CHANGES
- THE VICTORIAN NOVEL
- VICTORIAN NOVELISTS
a) EARLY ~
b) LATE ~
1.THE VICTORIAN AGE
a) SOCIAL CHANGES
- Demographic Revolution
- Scientific Revolution (& Religious crisis)
b) POLITICAL CHANGES
- Parliamentary, labor & social welfare Reforms (Great Reform Act, Factory Act, Poor Law, Mines Act, Ten Hours Act)
- Beginning of Free Trade (Repeal of the Corn Laws)
- Political rise of the Working classes (Trade Union Congress, Second & Third Reform Acts)
- Education Acts
2.THE VICTORIAN NOVEL
- the Victorian novel
- Victorian novelists
3.VICTORIAN NOVELISTS
a) EARLY ~
CHARLES DICKENS
- Difficult childhood
- Celebrity at 24
- Prolific writer
- Inspired by London
- Social reformer
- Turbulent emotional life
OLIVER TWIST
- the 1st child as protagonist
- Helped change the "Poor Law"
A CHRISTMAS CAROL
- Changed Christmas forever
- Coined famous phrases
BLEAK HOUSE
- the 1st Detective novel
- Inspector Bucket: groundbreaking
WILLIAM THACKERAY
- Early separation
- Artist ambitions
- Inheritance & loss
- Single father
- Prolific & famous
VANITY FAIR
THE BRONTË SISTERS: CHARLOTTE, EMILY & ANNE- Tragic childhood
- Educated at home
- Pseudonyms
- the Brontë Myth
WUTHERING HEIGHTS
JANE EYRE
GEORGE ELIOT
- Pseudonym
- Excellent education
- Religious crisis
- Editor & translator
- Unconventional marriage
- Delayed start & success
SILAS MARNER
MIDDLEMARCH
b) LATE ~
THOMAS HARDY
- Rural upbringing
- Architect & transition to writing
- Prolific poet & pessimism
- Controversies & criticism
- Troubled marriages
- Burial controversy
FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD
TESS OF THE D'URBEVILLES
JUDE THE OBSCURE
HENRY JAMES- Family of intellectuals
- Avid reader & prolific writer
- Transatlantic identity & British citizen
- Pioneering psychological realism
THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY
JOSEPH CONRAD
- Polish origins & activism
- Sailor's life
- English learner, Multinational identity & British name/citizenship
HEART OF DARKNESS
- Personal experience
- Critique of Imperialism & its "civilizing mission"
NOSTROMO
- Dark side of humanity
- Critique of Imperialism
- "Silver" & "Nostromo" as symbols
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- ROMANTICISM IN GREAT BRITAIN
- ROMANTICISM IN GREAT BRITAIN
- ROMANTIC POETRY
a) THE FIRST GENERATION
b) THE SECOND GENERATION
- ROMANTIC NOVEL
a) MARY SHELLEY & GOTHIC FICTION
b) SIR WALTER SCOTT & HISTORICAL NOVELS
c) JANE AUSTEN & REALISM
1.ROMANTICISM IN GREAT BRITAIN
DEFINITION (a cultural, artistic & intellectual movement...)
FEATURES:
- Pessimism (& the Byronic hero)
- Escape from reality
- Cult of Nature (& the Sublime)
- Emotion, Imagination & the Supernatural
- Individualism & Nationalism
- Feminism
2.ROMANTIC POETRY
a) THE FIRST GENERATION
-WILLIAM BLAKE-
- Unappreciated & Visionary
- Self-published & the poet-artist
- Radical political views & influences
SONGS OF INNOCENCE & EXPERIENCE
- Thematic contrast
- Symbolism & allegory
- Fusion of arts
-WILLIAM WORDSWORTH-
- Early tragedies
- the Poet of nature
- Coleridge & Preface to ~
- Revolutionized poetry
LYRICAL BALLADS
I WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUD
-SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE-- Child prodigy
- Philosopher & theologician
- Friendship with Wordsworth
- Poor health & addiction
BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA
b) THE SECOND GENERATION
-LORD BYRON-
- Aristocratic but troubled child
- Scandalous affairs & Exile
- Travels & friendships
- Celebrity & the Byronic hero
CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE
-PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY-- Scandalous & tragic marriages
- Children's tragic death
- Exile to Italy & Accidental death
- Posthumous fame & legacy
ODE TO THE WEST WING
PROMETHEUS UNBOUND
-JOHN KEATS-
- Surrounded by tragedy
- Surgeon & poor Poet
- Masterpieces in one year
ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE
TO AUTUMN
- ROMANTIC NOVEL
a) MARY SHELLEY & GOTHIC FICTION
FRANKESTEIN- Science fiction
- Myth of Prometheus
- Ghost story challenge
- Name misconception
b) SIR WALTER SCOTT & HISTORICAL NOVELS
- Lawyer & poet, then novelist
- Anonymous > 1st international celebrity
- Founder of historical fiction
- Revival of Scottish identity & pride
THE "WAVERLEY NOVELS" SERIES
- Waverley: Sympathetic portrayal of both sides
- Rob Roy: Protagonist based on a real historical figure
- Ivanhoe: Popularized the medieval romance genre
c) JANE AUSTEN & REALISM
- not Romantic, unique style
- Love & Marriage themes
- Upper classes' everyday life
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
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- GREAT BRITAIN IN THE 18TH C.
- GREAT BRITAIN IN THE 18TH C.
a) POLITICAL EVENTS
b) ECONOMIC & TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
c) SOCIAL & CULTURAL CHANGES
- THE RISE OF THE NOVEL
a) PRECURSORS
b) FATHERS
c) OTHER NOVELISTS
1.GREAT BRITAIN IN THE 18TH C.
a) POLITICAL EVENTS
BEGINNING OF CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY & GREAT BRITAIN
- James II > Mary II & William III
- the Glorious Revolution (1688)
- the Bill of Rights (1689): constitutional monarchy
- the Act of Settlement (1701): Protestants only
- the Act of Union (1707): Kingdom of GB
- Queen Ann's reign (1702-14)
BEGINNING OF PARTY POLITICS: WHIGS & TORIES
- Cabinet system with Robert Walpole as 1st PM
b) ECONOMIC & TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Transport Revolution (Roads, Canals, Railways, Steamships)
- Agricultural Revolution (end of Feudalism, increased productivity, four-field rotation system, new crops)
- Technological Revolution (steam engine, factory system, textile industry innovations, new basic materials & energy sources)
c) SOCIAL & CULTURAL CHANGES
- Demographic Revolution (rise of population & rapid urbanization > overcrowding, harsh conditions & everyday problems)
- Scientific Revolution (the Enlightement: e.g. John Locke, Francis Bacon, David Hume, Isaac Newton)
- Cultural Revolution (Professionalization of literature & the Rise of the novel)
2.THE RISE OF THE NOVEL
a) PRECURSORS
DANIEL DEFOE
- Non-conformist religious upbringing
- Lived through major historical events
- Varied professions & failed businesses
- Piooner of the novel & across genres
- Pseudonyms
ROBINSON CRUSOE
- Not a true story, but based on one
- Arguably the 1st English novel
- Instant & global success
- Moral & religious themes
MOLL FLANDERS
- Written as a Criminal's Autobiography
- Exploration of gender roles
JONATHAN SWIFT & SATIRE
- Dual identity & orphan
- Clergyman & politically active
- Wrote under pseudonyms
GULLIVER'S TRAVELS
- Pseudonym & censorship
- Not just an adventure, a satire
- Dark critique on human nature
- Coined new words & expresions
- Numerous adaptations
b) FATHERS OF THE NOVEL
SAMUEL RICHARDSON
- Limited education & gifted
- Printer apprentice & publisher
- Late start as novelist
- Epistolary novel pioneer
PAMELA
- A conduct book
- First bestseller
- Controversial reception
CLARISSA
- Extremely long
- A tragic tale
- Virtue & corruption
HENRY FIELDING
- Playwright & Satirist
- Rivalry with Samuel Richardson
- Founder of the modern Comic novel
SHAMELA
- A parody of Pamela
JOSEPH ANDREWS
- Initially a parody
- 1st full-length novel
c) OTHER NOVELISTS
LAURENCE STERNE's TRISTRAM SHANDY
- Non-linear narrative
- Use of meta-narrative
- Unconventional narrative techniques
TOBIAS SMOLLETT's THE ADVENTURES OF RODERICK RANDOM
- 1st Picaresque novel
- Sharp social critique
OLIVER GOLDSMITH's THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD
- 1st Domestic novel
- More accessible & popular
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- MEDIEVAL BRITAIN
a) ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
b) NORMAN CONQUEST & RULE
c) PLANTAGENET DINASTY
d) END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
- MEDIEVAL & ORAL LITERATURE
- THE ARTHURIAN LEGEND
a) ORIGINS & DEVELOPMENT
b) KEY CHARACTERS
- GEOFFREY CHAUCER: THE CANTERBURY TALES
1.MEDIEVAL BRITAIN
a) ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
- 5th c.: Anglo-Saxon invasions
- 6th & 7th c.: Christianization & the Latin alphabet
- 8th-11th c.: Viking invasions & Unification of England
b) NORMAN CONQUEST & RULE
- Norman Conquest (Battle of Hastings, 1066)
- Language clash & fusion of cultures
c) PLANTAGENET DINASTY
- the Angevin Empire &
the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453, with France)
d) END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
- Wars of the Roses (1455-1487 btw the Lancaster & York)
& the beginning of the Tudor dynasty
2.MEDIEVAL & ORAL LITERATURE
ORAL LITERATURE
- the Latin alphabet & Ecclesiastical History of the English People
POETRY
- Mostly religious (Cædmon) & historical accounts
EPICS
- A hero's quest
- Supernatural elements
BALLADS
- For common people
- About community life
- With simple language
ROMANCE
- A noble knight & a lady
- Courtly love (idealized)
- Magical elements
3.THE ARTHURIAN LEGEND
a) ORIGINS & DEVELOPMENT
- Celtic roots
- Geoffrey of Monmouth's The History of the Kings of Britain
- Chrétien de Troyes' works
- Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur
b) KEY CHARACTERS
- King Arthur (son of Uther Pendragon & raised in secrecy by the wizard Merlin)
- Queen Guinevere (& her affair with Sir Lancelot)
- Sir Lancelot (in The Holy Grail & The Knights of the Round Table)
- Galahad (Lancelot's son)
- Merlin (helps Arthur acquire Excalibur & become king)
- Mordred (Arthur’s illegitimate son)
4.GEOFFREY CHAUCER: THE CANTERBURY TALES
a) GEOFFREY CHAUCER
- Well-born & educated (prosperous middle-class family of wine merchants)
- Not just a writer (translator, courtier, diplomat, philosopher, bureaucrat & soldier)
- Multilingual (not only English, but also Latin, French & Italian)
- 1st to write in Middle English
b) THE CANTERBURY TALES
- Unfinished masterpiece (24 out of 120)
- Written in Middle English (vernacular)
- Satire & portrait of medieval society
- Diversity of genres & styles
- THE ELIZABETHAN GOLDEN AGE
a) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
b) LITERARY BACKGROUND
- WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: LIFE & WORKS
a) SHAKESPEARE'S LIFE
b) MOST REPRESENTATIVE WORKS
1.THE ELIZABETHAN GOLDEN AGE
a) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
THE RENAISSANCE
- Humanism / individualism
- Scientific method
- Revival of Classical literature &
development of the vernacular
THE AGE OF DISCOVERY
- Rivalry with Spain
- New World exploration (beginning of England's colonial expansion)
- Acts of piracy (e.g. Francis Drake)
THE REFORMATION
- Queen Elizabeth's restoration of Protestantism
b) LITERARY BACKGROUND
POETRY
- The sonnet (Petrarchan/Italian > Shakesperean/English sonnet: ABBA ABBA CDECDE > ABAB CDCD EFEF GG)
DRAMA
- Shakespeare’s plays (by The Lord Chamberlain’s Men)
- Theatres: examples (e.g. The Theatre, The Rose, The Swan, The Curtain, The Globe...) & structure (Stage, Pit & Gallery)
- Morality & mystery plays (native English Medieval drama)
- Latin tragedies & comedies (influenced by Roman & Greek drama)
- History plays (about English monarchs & significant historical events)
2.WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: LIFE & WORKS
a) SHAKESPEARE'S LIFE
- Middle-class family & education
- Marriage & tragic death of his child
- Influential career in London
INTERESTING FACTS
- Mysterious early life: the "lost years"
- Born & died on the same date
- Coined thousands of words & phrases
- The "authorship question"
- Prolific writer & posthumous fame
b) MOST REPRESENTATIVE WORKS
-POETRY- (SONNETS)
- Petrarchan influence
- Structural & thematic innovation
-DRAMA-
TRAGEDIES
- Universal themes
- Tragic hero formula
- Fate vs free will
- The role of the fool
COMEDIES
- Romantic & happy endings
- Mistaken identities & misunderstandings
- Strong female protagonists
- The role of the fool
HISTORIES
- Not always historically accurate
- The Wars of the Roses
- Exploration of Kingship & Balanced criticism
- THE BRITISH EMPIRE
a) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
b) BEGINNING OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE
c) THE FIRST BRITISH EMPIRE
d) THE SECOND BRITISH EMPIRE
- JOSEPH CONRAD
- RUYARD KIPLING
1.THE BRITISH EMPIRE
a) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Industrial Revolution
- Agriculture, Transport, Technology
- Population, Urbanization, Overcrowding
- Middle class, Working class, Free trade
The Victorian Age
- World's most powerful empire
- Access to raw materials
- New markets for manufactured goods
- Economic dominance > trade & influence
b) BEGINNING OF BRITISH EMPIRE
vs. Spain & Portugal (15th & 16th c.)
- "Age of exploration": discovery of the Americas
- Rivarly with Spain, Defeat of the Spanish Armada & Acts of piracy (Francis Drake)
North America & the Caribbean (17th c.)
- Transatlantic trade of African slaves > American plantations (Plymouth & Jamestown. Barbados, Bermudas & Jamaica)
India (East India Company, 17th c.)
- Monopoly on trade (Madras, Bombay & Calcutta)
- Political & military influence
c) THE FIRST BRITISH EMPIRE (18th c.)
vs France & the Netherlands
- The Anglo-Dutch Wars
- The Seven Years' War (& Treaty of Paris: Canada, Caribbean islands & east of Mississipi River & Florida)
vs the Thirteen Colonies
- The Independence War (& Treaty of Paris II): End of the First British Empire
d) THE SECOND BRITISH EMPIRE (19th c.)
Australia & New Zealand
- James Cook & Convict colony
- Evil reputation: Cannibalism & outlaws
- Industrial Revolution > Promise of land & economic opportunity
West & South Africa
- Naval bases & trading posts
- Economic interest: precious metals & agricultural products
- The Boer Wars & the Scramble for Africa
2.JOSEPH CONRAD
- Polish origins & activism
- Sailor's life
- English learner, Multinational identity & British name/citizenship
HEART OF DARKNESS
- Personal experience
- Critique of Imperialism & its "civilizing mission"
NOSTROMO
- Dark side of humanity
- Critique of Imperialism
- "Silver" & "Nostromo" as symbols
LORD JIM
- Philosophical & psychological
- Jim's identity & inner life
3.RUYARD KIPLING
- Indian origins & Difficult childhood
- Journalist of colonial life
- Advocate of imperialism
THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN
- Justification of the "civilizing mission"
IF-
- Stoic guide
- Father's advice to his son
THE JUNGLE BOOK
- Short story collection
- Animals symbolize human traits
- the "Law of the Jungle"
- Adaptations & popular culture
KIM
- Early Spy novel
- Multicultural adventure
- Bildungsroman