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Topic 2: Cognition and the Brain, download (1), download, images, Anatomy…
Topic 2: Cognition and the Brain
Biology in Psychology
Relation: Studying brain relates to psychology, it controls our thoughts, behavior, emotions and perceptions.
Biological Psychology: It studies the link between our biology and our behavior and mental processes towards something.
Cells in the nervous system
Glial Cells (Glia): Help to hold nerve cells and to make it function.
Schwann Cells: protect axons in peripheral nervous system and help in nerve repair.
Astrocytes: largest glial cells, helps formation of the blood-brain barrier, waste disposal, nutrition supply, and neuron growth.
Oligodendrocytes: create myelin in central nervous system to speed up information transmission.
Microglia: smallest glial cell, eliminate dead neurons and any debris.
Neuron: A cell that receive information from body and send it to brain and send it again to the body.
Efferent (Motor) Neurons: send information from brain or spinal cord to our glands and muscles.
Interneurons: connects the neurons in nervous system.
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons: receive information and send it to our brain and spinal cord.
Neuron Structure
Cell Body (Soma): contains nucleus and sustains neurons.
Dendrites: have branches which get information from other neurons.
Axon: sends signals to other neurons and release neurotransmitters across synapses in Terminal Buttons.
Brain function insights (METHOD)
1.Electroencephalogram (EEG): measures brain waves. Such as it releases alpha waves when we are awake, releases delta waves when we are asleep and if no waves, you are dead.
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT/CT scan): helps to locate tumors with a 3D picture of brain, except without showing brain activity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): gives more detailed picture of brain.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan): a radioactive glucose is injected to show clearer brain activity, if there’s a lot of substance, the brain is functioning.
Functional MRI (fMRI): combination of PET and MRI. Shows the blood flow in brain.
Nervous System Structure
1.Central Nervous System
-This system includes brain and spinal cord.
-Controls processing information and body function.
-They include controlling voluntary and involuntary body movements.
2.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-This system connects central nervous system to body.
-Have 2 separate systems called: Somatic Nervous System and Autonomatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
=Control sensory and motor functions in skin and muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System
=Control involuntary movement in our organs and have 2 other branches:
-sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System
This system activates our flight or flight response.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
This system helps the body relax by maintaining our rest and digest functions.
Brain Disorders
Brain Tumors
A growth of unusual cell in brain or close to it.
Symptoms: Nausea, issue in balance, memory, vision, hearing and personality changes.
Head Injuries
A cell that receive information from body and send it to brain and send it again to the body.
Stroke
Result of a sudden blood flow disruption to brain.
Symptoms: Numbness, weakness on one side, speech issue, severe headaches.
Brain Anatomy
Midbrain
Interact with thalamus and controls visual and auditory input and muscle movements.
Hindbrain
Pons: Relays signals, handles hearing and facial sensations.
Cerebellum: Coordinates balance and movement.
Medulla: Controls breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
Forebrain
Cerebral Cortex: 2 hemispheres, left for language and reasoning and right for visual and emotion.
Lobes: 4 types
1.Frontal Lobe: Personality, intelligence, movement, speech production.
2.Parietal Lobe: Touch, pain, temperature, spatial perception.
Temporal Lobe: Hearing, memory, language comprehension.
Occipital Lobe: Vision and color recognition.
Subcortical Areas: have basal ganglia (controls motor), thalamus (sleep and attention), hypothalamus (basic function), hippocampus (memory) and amygdala (emotion)
