Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Percutaneous Absorption - Coggle Diagram

- - - - once the drug reaches the vascularized dermal layer, it becomes available for absorption into the general circulation
- - - - the skin inflames, with loss of stratum corneum and altered keratinization
    - - the organ thickened, with corns, calluses, and warts
- - - - compartment where the drug released from the dosage form collected
      - must have a string mechanism
      - sampling port
      - heated in water bath
    - - compartment where the dosage form is placed
      - must be covered to prevent product contents evaporation
    - - dermatomed human skin sourced from cadaver or elective surgery or dermatomed procine
    - - characterizes the rate and extent to which a drug permeates into and through the skin for a product bathc
      - characterize the influence of prtocess, formulation and/or manufacturing differences on a drug product by comparing the rate and extent to which a drug permeates into and through the skin. this may occur in the context of comparing prototype formulations of a topical product or potentially in the context of comparing postchange (test) and prechange (reference) products
      - characterize the influence of prtocess, formulation and/or manufacturing differences on a drug product by comparing the rate and extent to which a drug permeates into and through the skin for a prospective generic (test) product and an approved (reference standard) product, which can support a demonstration of bioequivalence in certain situation
- - - - among alterations are increased hydration of the stratum corneum and a change in the structure of the lipids and lipoproteins in the intercellular channels through solvent action, or denaturation or both
    - - unidirectional action (i.e. enhancing drug penetration without causing loss of material from inside the body)
      - pharmacologically inert, chemically stable
      - potent at low conc
      - compatible with all formulation components, excipients and drugs
      - nontoxic, nonsensitizing, nonirritant
      - barrier function readuliy restored on removal of the enhancer
      - cosmetically acceptable, with good aesthetic appeal
    - - DMSO
        
        dipolar aprotic solvents (ie solvent that cannot donate a hydrogen ion to substances dissolved in them)
        
        capable of enhancing the permeation of both hydrophobic hydrophilic and molecules across cell membranes
        
        capable of hbond formation with cllular components such as protein and interact with them altering their conformations leading to decrease in diffussional resistance
  - - - delivery of a charged chemical compound across the skin membrane using an electrical field
      - a number of drugs have been the subject of this; this include lidocaine, dexamethasone, amino acids, peptides, and insulin, verapamil and propanolol
    - - high frequency ultrasound
      - among the agents examined are hydrocortisone, ligocaine and salicylic acid in such formulations as gels, creams and lotions. it is thought that hgih frequency can influence the integrity of the stratum corneum and thus affect its penetrability