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Bronchogenic carcinoma - Coggle Diagram
Bronchogenic carcinoma
definition
Non-small lung cancer (85%): adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma
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pathophysiology
genetic mutations in bronchial epithelial cells triggered by carcinogens (tobacco smoke, asbestos, pollution
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SCLC tend to grow faster and metastasize more easily while NSCLC has slower growth but may be locally invasive
clinical manifestations
respiratory symptoms: persistent cough with hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing
systemic: weight loss, fatigue, fever, loss of appetite
paraneoplastic syndromes: especially seen in small cell lung cancers - hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, Cushing's syndrome
Advanced diseases: bone pain, neurological symptoms, jaundice, swelling of lymph nodes
examination
physical: decreases breath sounds, wheezing
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neurological exam: to check if it spread to the brain - motor difficulties, speech difficulties or altered mental status
investigations
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biopsy of tumor with bronchoscopy, fine-needle aspiration or surgical methods
imaging: Chest X-ray, CT or MRI to see size and location, PET scan to see cancer spread and stage of disease
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blood tests: tumor markers, CBC, liver function tests, electrolyte levels
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treatment
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Targeted therapy: EGFR inhibitors, ALK inhibitors
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Prevention
stop smoking, counseling, nicotine replacement, medication to help with quitting
avoid carcinogen exposure: reduce exposure to asbestos, radon and industrial pollutants
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Public awareness programs for understanding of the risks of smoking and toxic pollutants and how to recognize the early symptoms