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Europe: Rule, Religion, and Conflict, not allowed, bishop - high ranking…

- - - - monk named Hildebrand
        
        part of movement to free Church from control.
        
        became pope
        
        tooke the name Gregory VII
        
        issued a document
        
        content
        
        pope was above kings
        
        only pope can appoint
        
        cardubaks
        
        bishops
        
        warned government
        
        1 more item...
    - - Viewed Gregory's document as an attack.
        
        demanded pope to step down
        
        Gregory anounced excommunication of Henry
        
        permanent removal from a church
        
        results
        
        lived as an outcast
        
        no need to obey him
        
        looked for support from nobles
        
        none helped
        
        1 more item...
        
        gave in to pope
        
        canceled excommunication
    - - Pope Gregory won
        
        struggle continued
        
        king and pope met
        
        agreed treaty "Concordat of Worms"
        
        king let pope chose leaders
  - - - priest
        
        duties
        
        visiting sick
        
        religious service
        
        conducting ceremonies
        
        wedding
        
        baptism
        
        many parishes = formed diocese
        
        group of churches
        
        united into provinces
        
        under archbishops
      - clergy
        
        ordained members
      - Cardinals
        
        second power to pope
        
        counselor of pope
        
        electing new popes
      - Monks
        
        lived in monasteries
        
        jobs
        
        physical labor
        
        clean
        
        read
        
        write
        
        some preached
      - women
        
        many became nuns
        
        swore
        
        poverty
        
        never marry
        
        charitable work
        
        abbesses
        
        ran convents
        
        some owned land around
        
        reported to bishops
        
        skills
        
        managers
        
        farmers
        
        spiritual leader of nuns
    - - church
        
        brought christianity to Europeans
        
        taught save soul by donation
        
        largest land-holder
        
        clergy , bishops, abbots
        
        wrote documents
        
        keep records
        
        advised king
      - Abbot Suger
        
        born as a peasant
        
        showed intelligence
        
        Priest-chosen for monastery education
        
        King Louis VI of France's friend
        
        Worked for ties between Louis and his nobles.
        
        Henry of Germany invaded Louis's lands.
        
        1 more item...
        
        later son took throne
        
        1 more item...
        
        bacame monk
        
        later abbot
  - - - wanted less secluded religious life
        
        new orders formed 1200
        
        did not shut themselves
        
        worked to bring Christianity directly
      - Francis of Assisi
        
        new order 1209
        
        son of wealthy merchant
        
        battled illness
        
        vision of Jesus
        
        disowned father
        
        vowed to live by Jesus
        
        his work
        
        rebuilt churches
        
        served poor
        
        talent
        
        poet
        
        musician
    - - education
        
        place
        
        monasteries
        
        bishops' cathedrals
        
        wanted better education
        
        wanted to gain knowledge from muslim
        
        muslim
        
        school
        
        muslim and jews
        
        translated books by greek
        
        studied books by greek
        
        groups of students
        
        study
        
        philosophy
        
        theology
        
        medicine
        
        law
        
        formed university (guilds of students and teachers)
        
        women not allowed
    - - church
        
        church bells
        
        meals
        
        rest
        
        for work
        
        mass (worship service)
        
        community activity
        
        gathering place
        
        refuge
        
        storms
        
        wars
        
        meeting
        
        farmer's market
        
        holiday
        
        relieved peasants
        
        Christians
        
        life of Jesus
        
        remembered famous saints
        
        faith
        
        gave sense of community
        
        jews
        
        did not accept
        
        persecuted
        
        not allowed to trade
        
        paid tax when king demanded
    - - painting and sculptures
        
        Jesus
        
        life
        
        highly stylized
      - gothic architecture
        
        dominated Europe
        
        inventions
        
        ribbed arches
        
        emphasized pointed ceilings
        
        flying buttresses
        
        support heavy structure
        
        greatest achievement
        
        Gothic cathedrals
        
        took hundred years
        
        artistic elements
        
        sculptures of Jesus and saints
        
        paintings of life of Jesus
        
        stained-glass windows
- - - - Byzantine
        
        ruled in system of advisers n officials
        
        Constantinople
        
        center of world trade
        
        money
        
        taxes
        
        people moved for money
        
        trade
        
        Africa
        
        ivory, slaves
        
        Arabia
        
        spices, gems, silk
        
        Black Sea
        
        grain and wine
        
        furs and hides
        
        own products
        
        rural areas
        
        farmers
        
        1 more item...
        
        capital areas
        
        manufacturers
        
        1 more item...
    - - Byzantines
        
        jobs
        
        cities
        
        crafts persons, travelers
        
        heavily taxed
        
        rural areas
        
        farmers
        
        most were poor
        
        women
        
        little freedom
        
        kept at home
        
        rarely recieved formal education
        
        wealthy were educated at home
        
        government
        
        set own schools, libraries
        
        higher rate of literacy
        
        school
        
        sons of wealthy merchants studied greek and roman writers
        
        Homer .Virgil, Plato, Aristotle
        
        1 more item...
    - - Christian faith
        
        Peter, first bishop of Rome
        
        pope as successor to Peter
        
        leader of Christian faith
        
        bishop of Rome
      - TheodosiusⅠ
        
        made Christianity official religion of Rome
        
        death
        
        splitted empire half to each son
      - barbarians
        
        captured most of wester roman
        
        Goths
        
        brought Western Empire to end
        
        pope and church existed
      - Byzantine
        
        head of
        
        government
        
        Christian religion
        
        constantinople second center of Christianity
  - - - differences
        
        Byzantine
        
        tolerated discussion and debate about religious matters
        
        services conducted in Greek
        
        language of people
        
        worshipers more involved
        
        architecture
        
        outside
        
        rounded dome
        
        plainer
        
        interiors
        
        carvings
        
        painted tiles
        
        murals
        
        icons
        
        Jesus
        
        nonrealistic saints
        
        hoped people would use to worship
        
        Western church
        
        services conducted in Latin
        
        known only to priest and well educated
    - - question of who was supreme
        
        western pope or eastern patriarch
        
        who's responsible for southern Italy churches
        
        eastern patriarch(Cerularius)lost
        
        closed churches in Constantinople that celebrated in western style
        
        Pope Leo IX of the west excommunicated
        
        1 more item...
    - - popes
        
        claimed authority over entire Chrisitan church
      - differences of opinions
        
        icons
        
        Byzantines
        
        actions
        
        carried them in religious processions
        
        prayed / lit candles before them
        
        opinions
        
        some thought it was too far
        
        feared that people worshiped icons as gods
        
        some disagreed
        
        said icons only helped to worship God
        
        Byzantine Emperor Leo III
        
        feared that icons were worhiped as gods
        
        ordered them destroyed
        
        1 more item...
        
        Rome
        
        Pope Gregory III
        
        favor of icons
        
        condemned the emperor's actions
        
        1 more item...
        
        thought icons were important for honoring
        
        way for those who can't read
  - - - Constantinople
        
        walls protected the city but not empire
        
        Justinian extended the empire to its greatest
        
        decline began
        
        Persians attacked from east and south
        
        took Egypt and marched north
        
        unsuccessful in taking Constantinople
        
        Muslim Arabs attacked from south
        
        capturing lands in Palestine and Syria
        
        after all, empire again prospered
        
        trade increased
        
        lost territories were regained
    - - invasion of Seljuk Turks
        
        came from central asia
        
        named in honor of Seljuk (first leader)
        
        defeated Byzantines at the battle at Manzikert
        
        continued to capture lands
        
        established new capital in Nicaea
        
        Byzantine emperor sent message to Pope Urban II
        
        plead with the pope for assist
- - - - Saladin
        
        leader of the Muslim forces
        
        schoolboy in Damascus
        
        christian knights siege his city (second crusade)
        
        name meant "honoring the fatih"
        
        young age
        
        served in army of Syria
        
        Syrian army took control of Egypt
        
        caliph gave him job of running government
        
        strong leader
        
        united many small muslim groups surrounding crusader states
        
        1 more item...
    - - Saladin
        
        led muslims in siege of tiberias
        
        capital city of crusader states
        
        honor
        
        safety of fleeing pilgrims
        
        released husbands from captivity
        
        gifts to widows n orphans
      - Knights
        
        headed north to free Tiberias from Saladin
      - Christians n Muslims met in bettle
        
        crusader army
        
        20,000
        
        exhausted
        
        camped in small valley
        
        Muslim surrounded the crusaders
        
        1 more item...
    - - Richard n Saladin fought many battles
        
        Richard regain some territories
        
        failed to regain Jerusalem
        
        each made various peace proposals
        
        two leaders signed 5y treaty
        
        crusaders keep their cities along coast
        
        pilgrims could once again visit the holy place
    - - loss of Jerusalem reached western Europe
        
        pope died
        
        successor, Pope Gregory VIII
        
        called for Third Crusade
        
        called 'Crusade of Kings' / king's crusade
        
        Three Kings responded
        
        Emperor Frederick I of Germany
        
        King Richard of England
        
        King Philip II of France
        
        Kings and armies began preparing to reclaim Jerusalem
      - starting
        
        Frederick drowned while swimming
        
        Frederick's army, discouraged, returned to Europe
        
        Richard "the lion heart"
        
        military genius
        
        famous for his courage in battle
        
        unstable character
        
        generous but violent
        
        Philip
        
        skilled politician
        
        no warrior
        
        expert in planning sieges
        
        began siege of Acre
        
        key city on the coast
        
        Richard joined Philip for siege
        
        muslim surrendered
        
        Philip went back to France
        
        Richard became impatient
        
        peace negotiation with Saladin was slow
        
        ordered execution of all muslim
    - - Pope Innocent III
        
        called a crusade
        
        disastrous to Byzantine Empire
        
        Fourth Crusade
        
        decided to head east by Mediterranean sea
        
        Merchants saw an opportunity to boost trade routes
        
        convinced leaders to use force
        
        1 more item...
        
        crusaders reached Constantinople
        
        kept their promise
        
        1 more item...
    - - church urged renewal of the battle.
    - - unsuccessful
        
        fought among themselves
      - muslims almost wiped out crusader in Turkey
        
        continued to recapture lands
      - small member made it to Holy Land
        
        Failed to coexist peacefully with local Christian lords.
        
        feared newcomers would set new government
  - - - abuses upon innocent people
    - - crusades were disaster for the Jews
        
        considered jews and muslims r infidels
        
        slaughtered eastern n western Jews
      - western Europe
        
        benefit from crusades
        
        trade
        
        expanded as result of crusades
        
        brought luxury goods in the East
        
        demand grew
        
        Italian negotiated trade treaties with muslim rulers
        
        brought certain goods
        
        learned glass making
        
        business
        
        brought need for goods and services
        
        higher standards of living
        
        wanted paved and well-lit streets
        
        civic improvements of lands
        
        transfer of military technology
        
        battle with muslims
        
        taught better weapons
        
        new tactics
        
        gunpowder to Europe
        
        education
        
        scholars
        
        European poetry n music grew after crusades
        
        heard Arabic
        
        2 more items...
        
        literature
        
        chivalry developed
        
        w concept 'courtly love'
        
        1 more item...
        
        church
        
        strengthened desire to spread Christianity
        
        overwhelm the Muslim empire
        
        saw exploration useful way to spread Christianity
        
        strengthen Europe's national government
        
        feudal lords were killed
        
        landowning families went bankrupt
        
        paying for knights' voyages
        
        lands returned to monarchs
        
        powers grew
        
        eyes opened to the world
        
        before crusades
        
        seen little beyond vilage
        
        knew about life
        
        in Holy Land
        
        other parts of Europe
        
        Mediterranean
  - - - crusaders
        
        chose kings of states
        
        no more power than feudal lord
        
        swept south toward holy land
        
        1099 reached Jerusalem
        
        slaughtered muslim n Jewish inhabitants
        
        made city capital of another crusader state
        
        controlled a narrow strip of land
        
        vulnerable along the outer strip
        
        1 more item...
    - - made their way foot n horseback 2 Constantinople
        
        to Nicaea, Seljuk capital, conquered
        
        swept turkey n established first crusader states
    - - Pope Urban's motive
        
        winning the Holy Land from infidels
        
        non Christians
        
        reunite Western and Eastern Christians under him
        
        allies with Byzantines might aid
        
        Redirection of knights from infighting to Christian service
      - Knights
        
        granted the land they conquered
        
        appeals to younger sons
      - first crusade
        
        45000 crusaders to fight
        
        4000 knights
        
        rest foot soldiers, archers, and cooks
        
        women and priest
      - peasants
        
        immediate salvation anyone killed
        
        no need to pay rent
        
        offered adventure