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Ch3: Organic Molecules, Ch5: Plasma membrane, ch6: Energy & Chemical…

- - - - Structural Isomers: Glucose & Galactose
      - Stereoisomers: alpha-glucose & beta-glucose
- - - - Polypeptide (polymer)
- - - - Saturated (single bond)
      - Unsaturated (double bond)
  - - - Glycerol
      - Hydrophilic phosphate head (polar)
      - Hydrophobic fatty acid tails (non-polar)
- - - - Exocytosis
      - Endocytosis
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Pinocytosis
        
        Receptor - mediated
  - - - plant cell
        
        hypertonic (plasmolysis)
        
        hypotonic (turgor pressure)
      - animal cell
        
        hypertonic (crenation)
        
        hypotonic (osmotic lysis)
  - - - Tonicity
        
        Isotonic
        
        Hypertonic
        
        Hypotonic
  - - - Uniporter ( single molecule)
        
        Symporter (same direction)
        
        Antiporter (opposite direction)
- - - - Transmembrane proteins
      - Lipid anchored proteins
  - - - Attached to lipid: glycolipid
      - Attached to protein: glycoprotein
      - Attached to nitrogen: N-linked glycosylation: ER
      - Attached to oxygen os serine: O-linked glycosylation
- - - - Hydrophilic head
      - Spontaneous rotational & lateral movement
      - Non spontaneous, flip-flop (requires flippase + ATP)
    - - Integral proteins that are bounded to cytoskeleton
      - Proteins that are bounded to molecules outside the cell
    - - fatty acyl tails lengths (shorter tails=more fluid)
      - Double bonds (more double bonds=more fluid)
      - cholesterol (more cholesterol=high stability=less fluidity)
- - - - mRNA degradation
      - Proteasome
      - Lysosomes
- - - - cytoplasm, nucleoid region, and riibosomes
    - - cell wall, glycocalyx, and appendages (philli and flagella)