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The Second Republic, 1930 - 36 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - PSOE's supp presented problems for left. Proposed measures including; nationalization of the banks and railways, the legalization of divorce, legal protection for civil rights, separation of the Catholic church from the state
        BUT, many on the left blv a parliament democracy was a bourgeois form of gov, incapable of radical action
        PSOE's coalition: slow pace of change LED to radical strike action by the CNT, UGT and FNNT.
        Fist major strike initiated by dockworkers in Pasaia, Basque 1931 - PSOE ask for patience and wait for reforms to have an effect. Failed, sends Civil Guard to end strike, 8 workers killed. UGT becomes more radical and influence of anarchism grew.
        1931 telephone workers strikes 1931. Anarchists + comm supp striking workers, PSOE ordered police.
        
        CNT strike in Seville, gun battles, ended through military action
        
        FNNT strike in Badajoz, local landlords + police denied peasants rights
        
        division in the left. UGT refused to collaborate in CNT strike. leaders argued new rep should be given time to deliver reforms.
      - Unrest 1932-33
        
        Anarchist uprising in Barcelona 1933: In countryside, thousands of unpaid workers. General strike in Salamanca 1932 protesting bc of inaction of gov. led to further divisions between gov, calling for an end to strike action and union radicals.
        1933 Anarchist uprising in major urban centres. Suppressed in Catalonia, Seville and Madrid, but continued for days in Casas Viejas. Agricultural workers were the poorest, forced to live in mud huts. Peaceful protest failed with Civil Guard opening fire and burning their huts. Gov blamed for brutality, unpopular with the left
        Azaña blamed to rule only for the middle class, ignoring demands of the working class
    - - Azaña made enemies with Church, army and landowners, blv reforms would lead to comm
        
        landowners refused workers to plant/ harvest crops or ignored law, as gov could not enforce them.
        
        Bloque Agrário of Salamanca, landowners campaigned to not grow crops due to increase in costs for production being no longer profitable. Gov arrested leaders, leading to protests from RW ploticians. FNNT argues to take over their land, but unable due to armed gangs. Remained uncultivated during 1932-33
      - Sanjurjo's uprising in Seville 1932
        
        Aug 1932 General Sanjurjo military uprising. Claimed to supp rep but rejected policies for greater autonomy in Catalonia - seized Seville. Poorly though out, no supp of army+ locals. Benefited rep: workers responded with a general strike. Disaster for RW who claimed themselves as respectable guarduians of peace
  - - - Leading members such as Cardinal Segura urged supporters to vote against a radical reform, resulting in his exile.
        Article 3 - Spanish state had no official religion
        Article 26 - state no longer gave economic aid to churches
        Article 27 - banned funeral processions and church bells
        Article 44 - state had the right to take away Church property in return for compensation.
        Article 3 angered Christians, blv Spain should remain a Catholic country. Priests that previously supp regime began to criticise
        Oct 1931 resignation of PM Niceto Alcalá-Zamora + Miguel Moura (minister of interior) - Catholics
        Anti-clerical polices led to alliance among RW parties
      - Opposition
        
        Led by the Agrarian Minority - grp RW deputies in the Cortes, alliances with Catholic deputies
        Failed to prevent it becoming law, withdrew the Cortes in protest. Them + Jose Maria Gil-Robles, founder of CEDA began press campaign. El Debate newspaper - satanic reforms, gov led by freemasons.
    - - Manuel Azaña blv to be too powerful and inefficient, able to interfere in politics. Designed reforms to make them more efficient for battle but less influential in politics:
        
        officers had to take an oath of loyality to the republic
        
        allowed to take early retirement on full pay, took 8'000 officers who supp dictators
        
        Those involved in crimes 1923-30 arrested
        
        Review of Promotions: power to revoke promotions awarded by Primo de Rivera
    - - Initial reforms 1931: made by minister of labour, Francisco Largo Caballero
        
        8h working day
        
        legal right to overtime pay
        
        wages disputes settled by committees
        
        Law of Municipal Boundaries 1931: required landowners to employ workers from surrounding areas rather than cheaper migrant workers
        Landowners joined FNTT or joined RW grps that opposed the Second Republic
      - The Agrarian Reform Law 1932:
        Redistribution of land through the institute of Agrarian Reform. Any farmers land up to 23 hectares could be bought by the gov and redistributed to peasant farmers to generate income
        Failed: Incompetent director, lacked funding (50 million pesetas, 1% gov annual budget), only helped 4,400 peasants, less than 10% of those gov blv were in need. Landowner' hostility
      - Consequence of reforms:
        Socialist and UGT became more radical, demanding new reforms that would work
        Opp from the right - creation of CEDA, Gill-Robles campaigned in 15 villages in 2 days
        Supp for CEDA grew in areas affected by agrarian reforms. Argued it would drive down the price of wheat and leas to even more poverty. CEDA campaigned for increase in minimum price - higher profits for major landowners
        Press criticised agricultural minister, Marcelino Domingo, blamed for poverty of small farmers.
- - - - Industrialised part of Spain, know for production of Coal. 1930s Depression led to less demand for Coal. Owners reduced wages + cutting workforce
        Miners joined PSOE's revolt. LW grps joined to attack army + police. Successfully attacked Civil Guard, set independent workers rep, controlling 1/3 of the province, capital Oviedo and 80% of its population
        
        committees controlled aspects of daily life (eh. food supplies)
        
        burned 58 churches, taken businessman hostage, RW supp and clergymen, 31 killed
      - Supression: gov sent 20,000 troops + Navy authorised to shell major cities along the coast and the air force bombed towns and villages.
        Franco based strategy on military training taken place in South of Asturias.
        Fighting for two weeks, uprising crushed. 61 civilians shot in Oviedo. Total casualties: 1,300 killed, which 1,100 were revolutionaries, and 2,951 wounded.
        
        surrendered 1934, army action continued: villages burned down, prisoners tortured + executions without trials. Members of trade unions lost jobs + imprisoned
        
        gov suspended Catalan autonomy + ordered arrests of LW activists, even in areas that not participated in the uprising
      - Consequences of the uprising