Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

November Mock Revision - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Young Henry's personality
        
        Vigorous young man with new ideas
        
        Clever
        
        Athletic
        
        Interested in music and languages
      - Negative characteristics
        
        Egotistical
        
        Aggressive
        
        Paranoid
        
        Hypochondriac
        
        Cruel
      - Role of the monarchy
        
        The power of the monarchy
        
        Kings ruled by the 'grace of god'
        
        Primogeniture
        
        In 1509, a monarch was expected to be adult, male strong, able to lead armies in battle, intelligent, and involved.
        
        The monarch's duties and tasks
        
        Declare war
        
        Secure alliances
        
        Marry and produce heirs
        
        Administer finances and coinage
        
        Patronage
        
        Head of Church (after break with Rome)
        
        Preside over and call the Council and Parliament
        
        Maintain law and order
      - Upbringing
        
        Raised by mostly women
        
        Younger brother - never anticipated to be king
        
        High education
        
        Life was restricted after moving to Richmond, following the deaths of his bother (1502) and mother (1505).
      - Positive characteristics
        
        Physically strong and fit
        
        Well educated
        
        Captivating
        
        Good charm
      - Attitudes to kingship
        
        Went to great lengths to maintain the Tudor line of succession
        
        Responsibility of defending England against attack
        
        Wanted more to be a 'warrior-king'
        
        Rejected his father's defensive foreign policy in favour of a more traditional interventionist policy
        
        Wanted to be an 'imperial king'
      - Personal and political qualities
        
        Well educated
        
        Forceful and sometimes cruel
        
        Disliked writing state papers and left this job to his ministers
        
        Influenced by Renaissance ideas of honour
        
        Enjoyed military sports, such as jousting
        
        Charismatic to those in his favour
    - - Child king
        
        Previous child monarch, Edward V, was murdered
      - Upbringing and education
        
        Raised in his very early life by mostly women with very traditional relationship with his father
        
        Hardly ever alone for his protection
        
        Formal education began 1543 until 1552
        
        Taught by humanists
        
        Devoted to his studies, spending hours a day reading Roman and Greek classics, languages, geography, etc
      - Personal and political qualities
        
        Self-disciplined
        
        Distrustful and could be vindictive
        
        Often cold towards others
        
        Strict and elect
    - - Personal and political qualities
        
        Intelligent and well educated
        
        Pious
        
        Loyal to RCC
        
        Stubborn
        
        Anxiety and depression
        
        Disliked Edward and Elizabeth
        
        Struggled to take criticism
      - Mary's aims as queen
        
        Convince the old Pricy Council of her right to be queen
        
        Restore the Catholic religion
        
        Marry
        
        Have children
        
        Choose Privy Councillors
        
        decide how to deal with Northumberland and his supporters
        
        Defend Calais and Guisnes
        
        Look after her health
        
        Improve her security
        
        Restore her legitimacy
      - Was the reign of Mary a failure?
        
        Positive
        
        Popular on accession
        
        unpopularity exaggerated by Protestant propagandists
        
        Partly successful in restoring Catholicism
        
        Opposition fairly limited
        
        Defenses, milita, and navy improved
        
        Tudor dynasty continues
        
        Stability
        
        Important financial reforms enacted and revenue increased
        
        Government well run
        
        Parliament cooperates
        
        Negative
        
        Does not fulfil key aims
        
        No Catholic heir
        
        Unpopular on death
        
        Spanish marriage unpopular and unproductive
        
        Wyatt's rebellion 1554
        
        Opposition to religious persecution
        
        Cannot restore monastic lands
        
        Dragged into war with France in 1557
        
        Calais is lost
        
        Discontent with social and economic conditions
        
        Some divisions in government
    - - Background, character, and personal and political qualities
        
        Strengths
        
        Educated
        
        Clever
        
        Quick-witted
        
        Favoured compromise and moderation
        
        Cautious
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Unmarried
        
        Woman
        
        Indecisiveness
        
        Fearsome temper
        
        Seen by many as illigitimate
  - - - Concerns over his age
      - No opposition
      - Monarchy was mosty supported and popular attitudes were widely positive
    - - Successful rebellion in favour of Mary following the succession crisis of 1553
      - Mostly liked by the English people at the srart of her reign
      - Many did not care she had been made illegitimate
    - - Supported by most
      - Seen by some as illigitimate
      - Propaganda
        
        Making her accession a day of national celebration
        
        Increasing her visibiity
  - - - Henry in ill health and aging - it becomes apparent Edward will succeed his father as a child
      - Act of Succession 1544: Edward > Mary > Elizabeth > Frances Grey
      - Henry no longe able to control factions leading to instability and threat to the succession
      - In December 1546, Henry is persuaded to alter his will to state that a council of 16 men would rule the country on behalf of his son
      - In January, as Henry lay dying, political manoeuvrings took place to alter Henry's will
    - - Edward dies July 6th 1553, wishing to maintain Protestantis. Therefore he nominated 'Lady Jane Grey's heirs male' in his Devise
      - Jane marries Northumberland's son in May 1553 and in June the Devise is altered - there would be no time for Grey to produce heirs and so it changes to 'LJG and male hiers'. But Edward is still a minor and so cannot make a will or alter parliamentary statue and legitimate claim in Mary's. On the 21st June 1553, anyone of sport was forced to sign the will and swear the Devise in front of the dying King, but Edward dies before Parliament could confirm the Devise. Therefore, henry's Third Succession Act was still valid, naming Mary next in line.
      - How serious were these events and why does Northumberland fail?
        
        Tudor dynasty comes close to being toppled
        
        Mary stands firm and recieces much support
        
        Northumberland's political and military skills seem to have been frozen
        
        Northumberland cannot rely on the Privy Council
        
        Northumberland is arrested and Mary enters London to cheering crowds
  - - - Attitudes to women in the 16th.c.
        
        Women inferior to men
        
        Women had been created from man (Eve from Adam's rib)
        
        Eve was responsible for man's fall (Eve eats the apple first)
      - Differences between kings and queens in the age of personal monarchy
        
        King - to rule his country, dispense justice, and defend the realm by leading armies into battle. Queen consort - to serve her husband and provide a son/heir.
      - Mary's marriage
        
        Edward Courtenay OR Philip of Spain
        
        The Spanish marriage
        
        Benefits of the Spanish marriage
        
        Ally
        
        Mary is half-Spanish
        
        Love
        
        Philip a proven breeder
        
        The marriage treaty meant that Spain's influence was limited - if Mary died, Philip would not inherit England
        
        Philip would help to modernise the English navy
        
        Number of available ships increased from 3 in 1553 to 21 in 1557
        
        Even Elizabeth benefited from this
        
        Philip the head of the Counter-Refprmation and had links with the papacy
        
        Philip developed good relationships with a number of councillors
        
        Drawbacks of the Spanish marriage
        
        Philip not enthusiastic
        
        Philip hated England
        
        No child was born - no Catholic heir
        
        Anti-Spanish feeling in London - riots broke out eg. Wyatt's Rebellion 1554
        
        Council was split about the viruesof the marriage
        
        England was dragged into war with France in 1557 which led to the loss of Calais in 1558
        
        The terms of the Spanish marriage
        
        Philip would have the title of king, but he would not rule
        
        If Mary were to die, Philip would not be able to rule England
        
        Any children of the marriage would inherit the English throne
        
        Philip was not allowed to appoint foreigners to positions in the English government
        
        England would not be drawn into wars between Spain and France
    - - How did Elizabeth's views on marriage differ to Mary's?
        
        Mary was determined to marry
        
        Elizabeth seemed to have been more wary of marriage due to the problems it presents for a female ruer
        
        Elizabeth remained single
      - Potential suitors
        
        Robert Dudley (would have created tensions at court )
        
        Philip of Spain
        
        Archduke Charles of the HRE
        
        Henry, Duke of Anjou (Elizabeth was not prepared to marry and was too old to bear children)
      - How did Elizabeth use her gender to her advantage?
        
        'Virgon Queen' image
        
        Pose as desirable yet beyond reach
        
        Leader of men
        
        Control male courtiers who may have otherwise controlled her
- - - - More extreme form of Protestantism
      - Wanted to 'purify' the church
      - Opposed Elizabeth's Religious Settlement 1559 - wanted it to go further
      - Opposed rituals and organisation of the Church
      - Challenged Elizabeth's position as Supreme Governor
      - Influenced by John Calvin
      - Wanted elected pastors and elders instead of bishops
      - Stressed bible reading
      - Strong in the south east
    - - Challenges through Convocation
        
        39 Articles 1563
        
        1564-66 over the issue of clerical vestements
        
        Government response
        
        Became more carful to control who was elected to sit in Convocation
        
        Elizabeth suppressed Article 29
        
        Elizabeth wrote to the Archbishop of Canterbury and he responded by ordering all bishops to make their clergy conform to Elizabeth's demands
      - Challenges through parliament
        
        1571 'Alphabetical Bills': an attempt by the bishops to improve clerical standards by attacking abuses such as Puritanism
        
        1584: Puritan attempts to advance a 'bill and book', which would have introduced a national Presbyterian Church and replace the Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer
        
        Government response
        
        Elizabeth used her regal vote to stop both bills
        
        She was prepared to take the concession to the moderates, however, which was to allow the 39 Articles to become law
        
        The attempt in 1584 was defeated as a result of a speech by one of Elizabeth's councillors, Christopher Hotton.
        
        1586, Elizabeth's response was to have the MPs responsible sent to the Tower
      - Challenges through local 'grass-roots activities'
        
        Puritan preachers and theologians often received powerful protection from sympathisers in Elizabeth's Council (eg. Robert Dudley)
        
        'Phrophesysings'
        
        Government responses
        
        Thomas Cartwright lost his post as a result
        
        1576, Elizabeth demanded Grindal put a stop to all prophesyings and imprisoned/killed him when he refused.
        
        1583, Elizabeth ordered that any bishop caught participating in prophesying should be imprisoned.
    - - Supporters remained a minority
      - Failed to change any aspect of the 1559 Settlement
      - After 1587, attempts to create a Calvinist national Church through parliament died away
      - Prophesying suppressed
      - Little protection for Puritan preaches by 1589
      - 'Martin Perpetuate Tracts' 1588-89 damaged Puritan movement
    - - When Whitgift tried to enforce the Three Articles, gentry from southern England sent him protests and petitions
      - Leading members of the gentry
      - Printing of cheap and readily available pamphlets and tracts
      - Many Puritans found a way to remain in the Church of England, rather than becoming enemies of it
    - - Many Catholics happy with the Settlement
      - Catholic opposition in England is not well organised
      - Limited impact of Jesuit priest - most don't travel north
      - Tough measures taken to deal with Catholic plots
      - Catholicism is tightly controlled - harsh acts passed for non-compliance
      - Foreign invasion fails
      - Only 50,000 committed Catholics out of a population of 4million by 1603
      - Puritans were important people with influence
      - Puritans well-represented in Parliament
      - Prophesying
  - - - Before 1527
        
        Critics of the Catholic Church dated back to the 1300s.
        
        The Lollards: supporters of John Wycliffe; promoted an English version of the Bible
        
        Critics of the clergy's immoral behaviour
        
        Monasteries criticised for their wealth and low moral standards
        
        Wolsey had to close 30 monasteries between 1524-1529 due to low moral standards
      - From the 1520s
        
        Early criticisms from humanists
        
        Erasmus
        
        Wanted to see reform of the corruption and wealth of the church
        
        Marin Luther's ideas of Protestantism
        
        Criticised catholic corruption, appearance, doctrine, and liturgy
        
        Books containing Luther's ideas began to arrive in England in the 1520s - the government's response was to burn them
        
        Heretic book burnings from 1521
        
        First know Lutheran in England, friar Robert Barnes, was executed for heresy
        
        Cambridge academics, William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale, translated and published versions of the Bible.
        
        Supporters of these ideas in henry's court included Thomas Cranmer(who would become Archbishop of Canterbury), Anne Boleyn, Sir Anthony Denny
    - - Infatuation with Anne was a key reason for the upheavals which followed
      - Ambitious; Bright; Refusal to become Henry's mistress
      - She may have had a hand in the fall of Wolsey, after Wolsey had forced her to abandon Henry Percy
      - Reformer and attempted to influence Henry, introducing him to reformist works like Tyndale's 'Obedience of the Christian Man' or Fish's 'A Supplication for the Beggars'
      - She championed the interests of several reforming preachers and churchmen
      - Regular contacts with a group of Cambridge academics, including Thomas Cranmer. The ideas of such reformers confirmed Henry in his view that he was well within his rights to reject the authority of the Pope in what was a domestic affair
      - Played a role in England's international position by helping to solidify an alliance with France
      - Timing of Anne's pregancy
      - Anne protected and promoted evangelicals
      - Sharp intelligence, political skills, and forward manners
    - - Why?
        
        Corruption
        
        Money/ Henry's financial gain
        
        Reformers objected to the purpose of monasteries
        
        A chance to weaken the Catholic Church
        
        Deal with potential opposition
        
        A chance to excerisie Henry's new power
        
        Wolsey had dissolved 29 monasteries in the 1520s - a precedent is set?
      - How?
        
        1) Investigation into the state of the church
        
        2) Dissolution of the smaller monasteries 1536
        
        3) Destruction of remaining larger monasteries 1537-40
      - Consequences
        
        Religious consequences
        
        Catholic/ Pope power is weakened
        
        850 religious houses dissolved
        
        Henry excercised new religious power
        
        Reformers pleased
        
        Monks and nuns displaced
        
        Abbots removed from House of Lords
        
        Worries that parish churches will be next attacked
        
        Political consequences
        
        King gains in power
        
        Reforming factions srengthened
        
        Henry promises to use this money for education and charity but very little is used for this purpose
        
        A chance to free crown from the need to impose excessive taxation
        
        Roman Catholic Church/ Pope is weakened
        
        Nobility and gentry benefit
        
        Abbots removed from House of Lords
        
        Economic consequences
        
        King gains in wealth (£800,000 raised by selling monastic land by 1547)
        
        Money for war found
        
        Less need for taxation
        
        New financial bodies created by Cromwell to handle the money from the dissolutions (Court of Augmentations 1536)
        
        Most rents remain the same
        
        Social consequences
        
        Those who have the money to buy up land gain most
        
        Monks, nuns, and poor suffer
        
        Hundreds of religious houses lost
        
        Some opposition (eg. Pilgrimage of Grace 1536)
        
        Less access to charity
    - - 1535: Cromwell appointed Vicegerent in Spirituals (Henry's deputy in the Church)
        
        Dissolution of the Monasteries 1536-39
        
        Issued injunctions to the clergy in 1536 and 1538, ordering priests to uphold the Royal Supremacy and banning pilgrimages
        
        English translation of the Bible 1539: The Great Bible
      - The act of 10 Articles, 1536
        
        Henry must look for allies in non-Catholic countries, and looks towards the Lutheran Princes in Germany
        
        Rejected the 7 Sacraments, keeping only baptism, penance, and eucharist
      - The Bishops Book 1537
        
        Rediscovers the 4 'lost' sacraments, but claims they are of lesser importance
        
        Written by a group of bishops
        
        Does not include any discussion of transubstantiation
      - The influence of faction
        
        The reformers make a comeback after Catherine Howard's disgrace
        
        Catherine Parr, married in 1543, a reformer
        
        Towards the end of Henry's life, the Duke of Norfolk is in disgrace and reformer Edward Seymour rises in influence
      - Protestant ideas and evidence of change to 1547
        
        Cambridge academics had been influences by Lutheran ideas - Anne Boleyn championed these men
        
        Reformist pamphlets existed and Anne bought them to Henry's attention
        
        In London in particular, Protestant ideas took hold - it was the centre of a trade in heretical and illegal books and its trading links to the continent encouraged the exchange of more radical ideas
        
        Cromwell and Cranmer
        
        Break with Rome 1533-34
        
        Injunctions of 1536 and 1538
        
        Ten articles of 1536
        
        Dissolution of the Monasteries 1536-40
        
        The shrine to Thomas Becket at Canterbury cathedral wa destroyed in 1538
        
        1539 a copy of the Great Bible to be placed in each church
        
        1543 Catherine Parr
        
        Reformist faction powerful at the end of Henry's reign
- - - - Why was there poverty in Henry's reign?
        
        Population growth
        
        London 60,000 in 1500 to 200,000 in 1600
        
        2.26million in 1525 to 3.01million in 1551
        
        Prices rising
        
        Supply and demand due to population growth
        
        Hard to increase food production as landlords lacked technology
        
        Harvest failures
        
        Harvest failures
        
        eg. 1519-21 and 1527-29
        
        Prices rise and grains become scarce
        
        Goods affected include butter, eggs, wool
        
        Dissolution of the monasteries meant less charity in place for poor people and less care places for sick people
        
        Declining wages
        
        More competition for work
        
        Groups who coped well were those who had sufficient land and property to exploit this trend through agricultural production
        
        Groups who were hit hard include those lower down the social ladder
        
        Land and growth of poverty
        
        Enclosure
        
        The situation of poverty made worse by ambitious landlords who enclosed the common land on which the poorest in society were reliant
        
        Attempts by landlords to increase their profit
        
        Rack-renting
        
        Rapid increases in rents
        
        Forestalling
        
        Process of deliberately withholding supplies from the local market in order to push up prices
        
        Dissolution of the monasteries
        
        Former monastic lands passed into the lay landlords who were less scrupulous in their dealings with the tenants they had inherited
        
        Monetary causes
        
        Impact of the influx of gold and silver from the New World
        
        Led to a price revolution and more inflation. As more gold and silver was turned into currency, so prices rose further.
        
        Debasement of the coinage
        
        Meant that there was more money in circulation, which in turn led to more inflation. Also meant tat its face value decreased, leading to charging more for goods.
    - - 1555 and 1556 felt heavy rain causing the worst harvest of the century, resulting in increase in grain price
      - 1556-58 typhus epidemic followed by influenza, killing 1/10 people
      - Population dropped 5% 1556-1561
  - - - Vagrant: someone able-bodied who had been without a master or employment for 3+ days
      - 1st offense: 'V' branded on the person's chest; forced to work as a slave for 2 years for the person who had informed against them.
      - 2nd offense: 'S' branded on the person's face; enslaved for life
      - Final punishment: Execution
      - Impotent beggars were to be sent to the parish where they were born, to be looked after in a house for the disabled poor.
    - - Replaced the too harsh Vagrancy Act 1547 in 1550 and was repealed in 1552
      - Required impotent poor to be registered for the first time
      - Required parish priests and bishops to place more pressure on those who were reluctant to make voluntary contributions to alms in the parishes
    - - Still forced into houses of corrections
      - Government had moved somewhat towards supporting the poor and away from punishing them for laziness
      - Increased expectation that local parishes would provide for their poor
    - - Vagrants to be whipped
      - Impotent poor were to be licensed by a JP and allowed to beg
    - - Moved towards making payments to the poor relief in the parish almost compulsory
      - Refusal to contribute could lead to imprisonment
      - Special collectors of alms appointed
    - - All men ages 12-60 below gentleman rank should look for work and not to leave their employment without permission
      - All unmarried people under 30 were to be forced to serve an employer at times of harvest
    - - Punishment for unlicensed beggars remained seveer
      - Became harder to get a licence - had to be signed by 2 JPs
      - Government did, however, recognise there was not enough work available
      - Encouraged parishes with extra poor-relief funds to build 'houses of corrections' for vagrants and beggars.
    - - One house of correction per county
  - - - Arranged for the grant of several Crown properties to a group of London merchants for the specific purpose of setting up help for the poor
        
        Bridewall Place
        
        Christ's hospital for Orphans (1552)
        
        St Bartholemew's Hospital for the sick poor
        
        Bethlehem Hospital / 'Bedlam' for the insane
      - In Norwich and York, compulsory contributions to poor relief was set up in 1549 and 1551
    - - Poor relief
      - Edward donated Bridewell Palace to the City of London in 1553 to be refunded as a refuge for homeless or orphaned children
      - House of corrections
        
        For vagrants, prostitites, and other 'undeserving' poor
      - Christ's
      - St Thomas
      - St Bartholomew's
      - Bethlehem
      - Focused on health and education
    - - Until the reformation, the church had been responsibly for much of the charitable work
      - Reformation meant people no longer were obliged to donate money to the church
      - Dissolution of the monasteries and other religious houses
      - More difficult to manage the poor in towns and cities
    - - Catholicism
        
        Good works
        
        Donated money to the poor and in return the poor would pray for their benefactors
        
        Money given in both life and in wills
        
        Funeral donations called 'doles'
      - Protestantism
        
        Saw this Catholic approach as superstitious
        
        Donation charity did not have the same motivation
        
        Charity was less personal and more institutional
        
        Money donations in wills declining
        
        Conditions to charity - poor had to behave in a godly way
    - - The Vagabond Acts 1530 and 1536
        
        Punishing those who the government felt were not making sufficient effort to get work or avoid begging
      - Parish collections from 1552
        
        Collecting and distributing alms to the deserving poor
        
        Vagrants were to be whipped out of towns they visited
        
        Parishes were expected to take care of their own poor
        
        Registers for the poor
    - - Act of Uniformity 1559
        
        Parish funds for poor relief recieved a considerable boost
      - Act for the Relief of the Poor 1563
        
        Moved towards making payments to the poor relief in the parish almost compulsory
        
        Refusal to contribute could lead to imprisonment
        
        Special collectors of alms appointed
      - Statue of Artificers 1553
        
        All men ages 12-60 below gentleman rank should look for work and not to leave their employment without permission
        
        All unmarried people under 30 were to be forced to serve an employer at times of harvest
      - Poor Law 1572
        
        Punishment for unlicensed beggars remained seveer
        
        Became harder to get a licence - had to be signed by 2 JPs
        
        Government did, however, recognise there was not enough work available
        
        Encouraged parishes with extra poor-relief funds to build 'houses of corrections' for vagrants and beggars.
      - Poor law 1576
        
        One house of correction per county
- - - - Black Death killed 1/3-1/2 of the population
    - - Population recovered very slowly
        
        Disease
        
        people were marrying later, resulting in fewer children
    - - Bad harvests
    - - 1555-59 saw worst economic crisis of the period
        
        Poor harvests
        
        Influenza
        
        Malnourished population dropped 6%
    - - Population recovered fairly rapidly
        
        Stable social and economic conditions
        
        Annual death rate never increased to more than 2.68% of the population
    - - Renewed growth
  - - - Positive impact
      - Became very rich
      - Took all high value items
      - Took and sold off monastic land (worth £1.3million)
      - Cromwell set up new financial department (the Court of Augmentations 1536)
    - - Positive impact
      - Bought up monastic land
    - - Negative impact
      - Thousands became unemployed and homeless
      - Those who failed to comply imprisoned or executed
      - Those who did not resist were given pensions or were found another role within the church as bishop or clergy
    - - Negative impact
      - Thousands unemployment and homeless
      - Those who did not resist were given pensions, but not enough to live off (£5 a year for monks)
      - Henry insisted nuns could nor break vows of chastity making it very hard for women to survive or make a living
    - - Positive and negative impact
      - Thousands found unemployed
      - Still evidence that in most cases the new owners needed their labour and so kept them.
    - - Negative impact
      - Schemes to fund preachers, schools, hospitals, and poor relief were dropped
      - Schools and hospitals lost
      - Left to private individuals to found new sources
      - Many monastery buildings destroyed/ruined
      - Monastic libraries destroyed
      - Promises to fund replacement schools, hospitals, and charity did often not materialise.
  - - - Blamed by many for growth of poverty and vagrancy
    - - Aim to create larger profits from the land
      - Landlords saw the financial opportunities that rearing sheep for the cloth trade could bring
      - Under pressure from rising inflation
    - - Social and economic hardships
      - Most vulnerable were copyhold tenants and the landless
    - - 1517
        
        Wolsey issue a commission of enquiry into illegal enclosure
      - 1533
        
        Sheep and Farms Act tried to restrict the number of sheep kept per farmer to 2400
      - 1548
        
        Duke of Somerset issued a commission of enquiry into illegal enclosure
      - 1549
        
        Rebellion broke out in East Anglia
      - 1551
        
        Cloth trade suffered a temporary decline
        
        Landowners turned to arable farming instead
        
        Meant that there was a drop in the trend for farmers to enclose land for sheep rearing.
      - 1555
        
        Act of 1555 ordered farmers who kept more than 120 sheep to also keep 2 cows and rear cattle in order to encourage pastoral farming
      - 1570s/80s
        
        Enclosure became less of an issue
        
        Improvemed economic stability increased standards of living.
  - - - Other than London, towns in decline both in population and industry
      - Situation began to recover from 1550s with new growth and development of new settlements
    - - Population fell 8000-9000 to 6000 between 1500-1523
      - 565 empty houses
      - Complaints about king and parliament
    - - Trade
    - - Trade
    - - Coal trade, which supplied London markets
    - - Affected by dissolution of monasteries
      - Trade
    - - benefited from the diversification into industries such as clothes
    - - Growth in cloth industry
  - - - Recieved some form of education
      - Usually had been educated in a grammar school
      - Latin
      - Not necesary for a potential priest to go to university
      - Some employed at low rates of pay
    - - Growth in law courts in London and in the localities created demand for trained lawyers
      - Could not practice without years of study beforehand
      - Potential lawyers might study civil law at Oxford or Cambridge
      - Potential lawyers might receive training through the London 'Inns of Court'
      - Entry to Inns were competitive
      - Number of working banisters rose from 10 to 85 between 1510-1569
      - Increasing number of men with a legal education began to act as MPs
      - Well paid
      - More demand for legal expertise in royal service
    - - Royal College of Physicians 1518
        
        Intended to protect medical practitioners with qualifications from those who had no formal training
      - License physicians and punish those who practiced without a licence
  - - - Dissolution of the monasteries
      - Enclosure
      - Small, but growing professional class
      - Population growth
      - Urbanisation
    - - Use of propaganda
      - Attitudes towards women/female monarch
      - Importance of parliament
      - 'Great chain of being' / little social mobility
      - Religion was a crucial part of people's lives
      - Over 90% lives in the countryside
      - Bad harvests
      - Enclosure
      - Conditions for poor people were always bad
      - Large towns did not always grow