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Global development - Coggle Diagram
Global development
Aid
Appeal types
One off catastrophe= deals with immediate impact disasters, general public generosity
Slow humanitarian crisis= long term, food shortages cuased by environmental factors
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Save the Children- largest aid oragnisation in Yemen, targeting child health and safety
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Perspectives
modernisation theorists belive its a step towards development, Sachs breaks poverty trap
neoliberal- teaches dependency upon state, worsens internal barriers, lessens drive to compete
social democrat- not a complete objection but recognition of good and bad, Samura- aid as a 'leaking bucket' because it never seems to fill
dependency think... only interests donor countries (Marren), creates dependency through aid 'packages' or 'ties' that poor countries are unable to recover from
Hayter aid as imperialism demonstrates aid is always conditional and a means of gaining political support
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TNCs
argued to be as important as nation states- some TNCs are bigger than country economies!! eg ZImbabwe
eg Nestle, Toyota, Shell, Sony, Walmart= $648 billion
MNC= multinational cooporations
- not truly global, retain a clear base in particular countries, distinction between this and TNC is minor
EPZ= export processing zones for TNCs to operate without tax, eg Shenzen in China, BUT lower workers rights
Neoliberals think... TNCs to have a growing role, favour a small state, they introduce modern values, kick start economies, favoured by IMF
Marxists think... development should be led by the state, prevent local industries, needs a revolution, TNCs intensify dependency, Frobel developing exploited for cheap labour
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Ritzer do mcdonalidisation eg Apple, Nestle but will eventually be seen in schools
People centered think... disregard envrionement, exploit working rights/conditions, erode local cultures
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NGOs
NGO= part of 'civil society', non profit, for humanitarian ends, big budgets, mostly people centered approaches, bottom up catalysts
Perspectives
Neoliberals think... support shift from government but question in their ability for entrepanurial freedom
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People centered think... World social forum reforms focus on social issues, change for sustainability and equality
Environmentalists think... some focus on sustaibality but too reliant on cooporate funding, Hulme lose touch with roots
INGO= international, work on global issues, give little aid, focus on development
BUT as they expand, do they lose sight of original idealism?money is absorbed by administration, not targeting communities, Hulme 2013 NGOs lose touch with roots
Pros:
- more effective than larger state companies
- continuity
- not driven by profit
- willing to take risks
- responsive to donors
Cons: 1. work too close with governments
- having links with TNCs
- too concerned with good publicity- 2004 India tsunami- NGO useful in emergency help but soon coined as disaster tourists
- unclear aacountability
Civil society
a loose collection of INGOs, networks of organisations between individuals but also as a state
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World economic forum= TNC owners, high status, created 'Great reset' to set direction of global growth
World social forum= leftist, formed by civil society, force social change before economic
eg BRAC in Bangladesh (loan a cow), Save the Children in UK with 30 member nations, Girls not brides,
Education
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Human Capital project:
- supported by World Bank
- core beliefs of health, infant mortality, school enrolement
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in 2024, 250 million children weren't in school
Problems faced by schools in developing countries:
- teachers not paid well
- under resourced
- schools charging fees
- curriculum has been imperialised
- time off school for illness eg Malaria
- availability because long walks to school
- terrorist attacks eg Boko Haram in Nigeria, Taliban in Pakistan
Perspectives
modernisation think... essential for development, learn through western systems and curriculums
dependency think... form of cultural imperialism, colonial powers maintain control, hidden curriculum
Kamuzu academy- mirrors english private school, in Malawi, replicates GCSEs, great for those who can afford it
Trade
Examples
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Maritime silk road- developed by China to connect the East, overthrow USA power, trade route, use of ports along India
Swift 1998 Ghana once 3rd highest cocoa producer but forced to accept SAP when demand dropped- effects of supply and demand
Perspectives
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dependency think... ensures neolconial exploitation, reliance on North for ties, retains colonial ties
neoliberal think... remove barriers to free trade for global growth, developing countries should do global trade
Bunting explores how USA 'kicked ladder away' during Mali's depression of cotton farming after USA subsisidise their farmers
Fair trade
imrpove social conditions, create food security
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Why is it risky? prices fluctuate wuickly, according to supply and demand, changing tatses and fashions of the North
War and Conflict
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Negative? Mass homicide, causes inflation or political issues
Old vs new
Old= fighting on battlefields, mass production of weaponary
New= civil wars, leaders influenced by modern culture, more political status
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Causes
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Kaplan poverty worsens living conditions, causing war
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Employment
informal= labour intensive, self employed, poor wages, no workers protection, eg fruit stall in Guam
formal= regulated conditions, higher wages, stable work, trade unions
McGriffen, TNCs account for 6% of global jobs
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Effect of globalisation
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Remittance
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in 2024, global remittances totalled $905 billion
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Health
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Disease
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eg malaria, meningitis, hepatitis, influenza, leprosy,
in 2012, 207 million cases of malaria
Controls in developed countries: vaccinations, nutrition, hygiene, reproductive behavior, education
How to imrpove?
- mass vaccination
- distributing supplements
- communit based healthcare eg doctors, GPs
- NGO help- eg UNICEF, Doctors without Borders
Effects of population
In Nigeria, population control has been used to reduce fertility rate
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brian drain= drawing of skilled doctors from developing countries to developed -30% of NHS doctors are from developing countries
Western medical pratice may not suit local needs, eg religion, culture
Demogrpahics
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Factors effecting population:
- healthcare
- urbanisation
- education
- contraception
- chnaging gender roles
Perspectives
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modernisation think... poverty causes increase in population, own barrier
dependency think... much land is used for food growth for the developed, could be used for direct supply
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Urbanisation
The top biggest cities in the world are all in China eg Beijing, Tokyo
= movement from rural areas to urban areas, often followed industrialisation
megacities= over 10 million people, eg Beijing, Dehli
Perspectives
modernisation think... concentrated labour force, promote cultural change
dependency think... cannot follow urbanisation of other countries because they are not responding to industrialisation
Housing
Developing- own built, often ilegal, poor conditions, overcrowded
Developed- plumbed, insulated, electrics, modern, secure
IGOs
Peet 'unholy trinity' of WTO, IMF and World BAnk, too neoliberalist, forcing of values,
IMF
deregulate working conditions, cut government spending to health and education ( reduce state investment)
one size fits all- impose same coniditions regardless of development, BUT Stiglitz not possible
created SAPs- eg in Bolivia the water was privatised to USA, which deprived people of water creating riots that eventually ended when the Bolivian government shot rioters
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UN
UN sustainable development goals: eg world peace, poverty, green energy, managing consumption - energy and consumption most progress
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WHO target health by giving primary care to the peripheals like Mali and Rwanda to improve living conditions
Perspectives
Dependency think... believe they spread capitalist nature with force of poor nations into needing the rich- Chang
Modernisation think... gives economic power to small states by builidng realtionships with other states when given a voice
People centered approach think... restores faith by focusing on health (WHO) , but SAPs effect policies- often reducing care for environment
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Neoliberal think... favour WTO for free global market, replace state failures, ecnourage free trade
Industrialisation
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New opportunities?
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Technology
in 1990, electronics was top export for South Korea
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Environment
North VS South
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North causes: high consumerism, fuel and energy use, wealth South effects: natural disasters, make energy and fuel, poor
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current issues- warming, less biodiversity, ozone depletion, pollution, deforestation
Perspectives
people centered think... apropriate technology to replace leapfrogging eg micro hydro plant in Bolivia
environmentalists think.. use BAN to trackk rubbish waste in other countries, reduce landfills
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Gender
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Indian ocean tsunami 2004- 4x as many women died as men, why? men stronger physically, men working away in cities, likely likely to be able to swim, trying to save children
Perspectives
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depedency think... 'malestream sociology', little discussion of women
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Hoschild care deficit emerges when people move to developed countries to be nannies, leave behind own children
Globalisation
Economic globalisation
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BUT Stiglitz believes globalised management has worsened poverty as economic benefits aren't distributed evenly
Mcdonaldisation, Ritzer- societies adopt fast food chain charactersistics like effiency and control
New international division of labour- Frobel, developed countries shift manufacturing to developing countries to increase employment and we become tertiary
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Political globalisation
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gloabl decisions need to be made regarding climate, terrorism, drugs etc so call upon other states for support
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Cultural globalisation
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Steven 2004- despite differences in upbringing, we all listen to the same music, read the same books etc
global spread of culture- eg Wasabi kitkat, Chinese harry potter
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Hirst globalisation is a myth because we are closer to international economies rather than global ones