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Alexander The Second reforms - Coggle Diagram
Alexander The Second reforms
Economic reforms
tax
no VAT
Gov taking charge
corruption
SALT TAX ABOLISHED
railways
impact
general quickening of economic life
Connected different parts of Russia
Easier transportation of grain
Development of joint-stock companies, banking and credit institutions
Attracted foreign capital
from Britan, France
problems
Expensive
Relied too much on foreign capital
A substantial foreign debt
Labour
Mostly serfs & peasants
low salary
long working hours
harsh living conditions
poor health
high mortality rates
technical difficulties
vast & varied terrain
harsh winters
need for extensive earthworks and bridges
difficult landscapes
difficult & time-consuming construction
economic displacement
displacement of local communities
disruption of traditional ways of life
social unrest & resistance
serfs emancipated
not much changed tbh, most had to work
many entered the factories
still poor
low demand
finance
bank
state
municipal
savings
budget
foreign trade
loans
expanding industry
corruption
debt
Military reforms
impact
better transportation and education
literacy rate improved
increased military control and efficiency
more modern and stable Russia
criticisms
wealthy people could avoid conscription
lead to revolt and sprouting of revolutionary ideas
high-ranking roles only given to nobility
specific reforms
conscription to all social classes
improving military education and training
service time shortened and punishing soldiers forbidden
promotion became more open - due to merit alone
medical care modernized
The Conscription Act of 1 January 1874
Uneducated men were taught how to read
Men with formal education had a shorter term of active service
Service included 6 years of active service and 9 of those in reserve
Local government
Impact:
Gave
improved education and healthcare
role in liberal influences
criticism
dominated by nobility
limitations regarding autonomy and bureaucracy
Zemstvos were introduced in 1864 ( local government for each region in Russia)
sufficient authority and independence to resolve local economic problems
Representetives were elected by above groups, but nobles still had more influence in the zemstvos
Made up of nobles, tax-paying merchants
Emancipation of the serfs
ILO AND ANASTASIA WRITE YOUR STUFF HERE
Education reforms
Impact
Universities expanded and had more autonomy
Zemstvo schools
Ministery of education
prioritized peasants education
More academic freedom
And women could also get education
Aim
modernize Russia
transforming from feudal state to an semi-industrialized one
Lasting impact
Educated Middle class
This helped Russia's gradual modernization
Rise in literary states
more skilled and informed workforce
People started to get basic education
maths, science, literature, language
Criticism
Student activism
crtitical thinking made people understand social issues
confrontations with government
students joined revolutionary movements
Assasination attempt on Alexander II
academic freedom restricted by government
radical texts were banned
Freedom that was given to schools and education was taken away. Not everything but some things.
Not everyone could access education
lack of funding
not enough facilities
high dropout rates
Some places could not afford to build a school
Natonalities
impact
long-term, built a foundation for revolutions, made gaining independence more accessible for the autonomies, weakened the empire due to failed reforms and demand for more rights
short-term, minorities had a stronger voice in communities, intensified demands for greater independence, regional unrests among nationalities, increased Russification
criticisms
Limited implementation. failed emancipation of serfs, peasents left in debt
failure to address nationalism: lead to demand fro more independence, autonomies weren't intended, violent outbreaks and protests
specific reforms
educational reforms, education more accessible for nationalities and minorities
Autonomies, different nationalities gained autonomy and more independence (Finland, regions in Poland and Baltic areas)
Minority nobilities
Noble classes in some regions gained a degree of legal equality, minorities more equal before law