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Phonology: Study of speech sound patterns - Coggle Diagram
Phonology: Study of speech sound patterns
Allophone vs phoneme
Allophone: Actual sound enclosed in [ ]
Actual sounds that are physically different, but they are variants of the same sound/phoneme (e.g. [p] and [ph] sound different, but have the same phoneme of /p/)
Identifying allophones of the same phoneme
Non-contrastive: Replacing sound A with sound B does not change the meaning of the word
Replacing [ph] with [p] doesn’t change the meaning of a
word --> they are not a minimal pair
Since they are not contrastive, they are allophones of the same phoneme
Complementary distribution: Both sounds DO NOT occur in the same phonetic environments
Can create a generalisation of where each sound occurs
Distribution of the two sounds is predictable
Phoneme: Abstract entity enclosed in / /
An abstract entity that represents an underlying sound (e.g. /p/ is different from /b/
Identifying allophones of different phonemes
Contrastive: Replacing sound A with sound B can change the meaning of the word (e.g. [bɪn] ‘bin’ vs. [pɪn] ‘pin’, the two form a minimal pair --> pair of words that differ by exactly one feature and have different meanings)
Since they are contrastive, they cannot be allophones of the same phoneme --> They are allophones of different phonemes
Not in complementary distribution: Two sounds can occur in the same phonetic environment
Free variation
Non-contrastive and are not in complementary distribution
Phonetic analysis
Assume no free variation
Look for minimal pairs
If no minimal pairs, look at phonetic environment
If there is phonetic generalisation (complementary distribution) --> Allophones of the same phoneme
Phonotactic constraints: Constraints on the arrangement of sounds in different languages
Sound sequences: Some sounds cannot occur before others
Sounds in particular positions
Syllable types: English allows for 0 to 3 consonants at the start or end of a syllable
Allophony is a reflex of the phonotactic constraints of a language
Phonological differences between languages
Different sound inventories: Speakers may replace unfamiliar sounds with familiar sounds from their native language
Different phonotactic constraints between native language and second language
Two languages with the same sound inventories may have different phonotactic constraints