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THE AUGUSTAN SOCIETY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - didactic aim
      - simple and lively style
    - - "The Review", Daniel Defoe
      - "The Tatler", Richard Steel
      - "The Spectator", Joseph Addison
        
        the most important example of periodical
      - published weekly with different topics
    - - is a new genre, different from the medieval romance
        
        real characters from middle class, self-made man
        
        the reader is expected to sympathize with him
        
        have names and surname
        
        time and place specific and scientific
        
        talks about individual struggle or social progress
        
        express the values of the augustan age
        
        hardwork
        
        puritanism
        
        success
        
        profit
        
        written in form of prose
        
        easy to understand
        
        realistic
        
        published from booksellers to middle-class
      - the novelist were speakers of middle-class
        
        the fathers of the english novels were
        
        Daniel Defoe, realistic novel
        
        "Robinson Crusoe"
        
        plot
        
        Robinson leave his home and travelled around the world
        
        he's captured by Moorish pirates but escapes
        
        he becomes owner of a plantation
        
        on his way to Africa he's shipwrecked on a desert island
        
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        he finds footprints and human bones left by cannibals
        
        Robinson met Friday
        
        they decided to attack the cannibals together
        
        Robinson returned to England and discovered that his plamtation made him very rich
        
        is set in a desert island
        
        he's alone to prove his quality as a modern man
        
        is symbolic
        
        demostrate that he deserved to be saved by God's Providence
        
        themes
        
        adventures, commerce, exploration
        
        pragmatism and individualism
        
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        spiritual autobiography
        
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        nature
        
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        the hero
        
        is from middle class
        
        wants to find his identity as an alternative to the model provided by his father
        
        prototype of an english colonizer
        
        pragmatic and practical man
        
        perfect puritan
        
        individual
        
        has a realistic narration
        
        narrative frame
        
        use of the first person
        
        real sources: the story is inspired by Alexander Selkirk's one
        
        preface that said is an "history of fact"
        
        frontispiece, with a long and detailed title
        
        educated in a famous dissenting school
        
        worked as a merchant
        
        travels a lot
        
        became famous and well-paid intellectual by writing political essays and phamplets
        
        "The shorter way with the dissenter"
        
        fictional autobiographies
        
        episodical
        
        retrospective
        
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        arrested for libel
        
        changed his political orientation
        
        became a sicret agent for the new government
        
        "Moll Flanders"
        
        style
        
        retrospective first-person narration
        
        simple and direct style
        
        1 more item...
        
        inclusion of documents like quoted letters, hospital bills, ...
        
        plot
        
        Moll was born in Newgate prison and was the daughter of a thief sentence to death
        
        she brought up in the house of the Mayor of Colchester in Virginia
        
        she's sent into the service of a rich family
        
        she goes throught five marriages after being seduced by the eldest son
        
        she becomes a prostitute and a thief
        
        she's imprisoned and deported to Virginia where she becomes a rich plantation owner
        
        she goes back to England where she leads a respectable life
        
        hero
        
        Robinson's female counterpart
        
        characterized by restless and individualism
        
        her name represents the journey of her life from a low beginning to a respectable life as part of the gentry
        
        she's a victim of circumstances
        
        she's a master of reinvention
        
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        she's trasgressive
        
        she's not born in the middle-class but she aspires to it
        
        themes
        
        morality vs necessary
        
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        problems of the time
        
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        is set in a city
        
        is a metaphorical island with an artificial jungle made of bricks
        
        she's isolated and rejected form the society
        
        1 more item...
        
        Jonathan Swift, utopian novel
        
        Samuel Richardson, epistolary novel
        
        Henry Fielding, picaresque novel
        
        Laurence Sterne, anti-novel and sentimental novel
        
        entratain
        
        didactic and moral aim
        
        realism
        
        speed and copiousness
    - - William Hogarth, engraver and painter
        
        Gin Lane
        
        shows the terrible consequences of drinking gin
        
        misery
        
        illness
        
        poverty
        
        Beer Street
        
        promotes the use of beer as a healthy and socially acceptable beverage
      - Jonathan Swift, satirical novel
        
        born and educated in Dublin
        
        in England became secretary to Sir William Temple
        
        he wrote his first satirical works
        
        The battle fo books, 1704
        
        satire about the merits of ancient and modern literature.
        
        A tale of a tub, 1704
        
        satire about religious parties, Catholics
        and Dissenters.
        
        in Ireland became priest and Dean
        
        he began to write pamphlets denouncing the enjustices suffered by Ireland
        
        A modest proposal, 1729
        
        satire suggesting that the poverty of Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children as food for the rich.
        
        "Gulliver's travels"
        
        plot
        
        book 1
        
        Gulliver sails from Bristol
        
        after six months of sailing he finds himself on the island of the Lilliputians
        
        dwarves
        
        at first they arrested him but then he learns their langauge and customs
        
        he helps them because to them he's a benevolent giant
        
        he returns home
        
        satire about lilliputian's sin: pride (they are petty people with exaggerated ideas about their importance)
        
        book 2
        
        Gulliver finds himself in the land of Brobdingnag, inhabitated by giants
        
        they put him in a cage and he became the pet of king's family
        
        the king discuss with Gulliver about political ideas
        
        he's able to escape when an eagle picks up the cage and drops him in the sea
        
        he's rescued and bringed back home
        
        satire about giants that magnify all the physical imperfections of man
        
        book 3
        
        Gulliver finds himself in the flying island of Laputa, inhabitated by intellectuals and scientist
        
        under this island there's a land called Balnibarbi
        
        the inhabitants are absent-minded and make absurd experiments in Lagado, the capital of Balnibarbi
        
        Gulliver leaves Balnibarbi and finds himself in
        
        Glubbdubrib, where there are sorcerers that can summon the dead souls
        
        Luggnag, where immortal people live
        
        this men are lost in their thoughts and they need servants to move around
        
        satire scientist that overstimate reason, leading them to lose touch with reality
        
        book 4
        
        Gulliver finds himself in a land inhabiatated by horses called Houyhnhnms and apes called Yahoos
        
        horses are very rational and perfect but they lose emotions; Yahoos are corrupted and falwed but still they're more similar to men
        
        the horses banish him and he leaves for England. He joins his wife and children
        
        the object of satire is man and his imperfections against his pride, and also it underlines how reason alone is sterile and “inhuman”.
        
        style
        
        first person narration
        
        matter-of-fact prose style
        
        the work can be considered
        
        travel narrative
        
        satirical novel
        
        utopian fiction
        
        fantasy
        
        science fiction
        
        use of satire
        
        distortion
        
        exaggeration
        
        focus on details
        
        free of literary colouring
        
        mix of real and fantastic places
        
        record of observed details with the precision of a scientific instrument
        
        interpetation
        
        a tale for children
        
        a political allegory of Swift's time
        
        a parody of voyage literature
        
        a masterpiece of misanthropy and a reflection on the aberrations
        of human reason
        
        in the last the reader is forced to look at Gulliver without identifying with him, he clearly shows the same flaws he despises
        
        he's arrogant and proud
        
        he's a misantrophe
        
        he lack self-awareness
        
        he lack common sense and balance
        
        he's gullible
        
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        the main character
        
        man of science, practical and rational
        
        careful observer
        
        supports the culture which has produced him, but he undergoes a transformation (rejection)
        
        constant displacement of the hero
        
        both as an instrument and object of satire
        
        dynamic character
        
        later years were marked by the decay of his mental faculties.
        
        is a controversial author
        
        he concerned with politics and society
        
        conservative and pessimistic attitude
        
        labelled by critics as
        
        misantrophe
        
        lover of mankind
      - different tecnique to satire
        
        distortions
        
        exaggerations
        
        parody
        
        reversal of the roles
        
        absurdy and juxtaposition
        
        irony
- - - - the reachest part of the middle class became part of the upper class
      - people could shape their own destiny
        
        marraige was permitted between different social classes
    - - mostly women form middle class and upper-class
      - circulating libraries
  - - - construction of factory and industries
    - - illness
      - Gin
        
        was an important social problem brought by Hanover
        
        with the "Gin act" became illegal in England
    - - age of trade and commerce
- - - - Ovid
      - Horace
      - Virgil
  - - - new figure of "self-made man"
    - - experimental method developed with the use of the empirical approach
      - period of geographical discoveries
        
        Captain Cook
- - - - Charles I dismissed the petition and began a civil war in 1642 that ended in 1649 with the death of Charles I
        
        there were two factions
        
        parlamentarians
        
        royalist
        
        Oliver Cromwell established a republic called "Commonwealth"
        
        parliament didn't like his new laws so he became a dictator
        
        after his death in 1658, the Stuart family restored the monarchy in England
        
        in 1660 Charles II returned from exile
        
        restored the monarchy
        
        founded the "royal society" and started a revolution
        
        in 1665 the great plague broke out in a poor parish of London
        
        in 1666 a fire broke out in a baker's shop in Pudding lane, London and spread rapidly
        
        in 1685 Charles II and came to the throne his brother James II
        
        was catholic and widower but he had two protestant daughters
        
        3 more items...
        
        for a short time Richard (Cromwell's son) became Lord Protector