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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) …

- - - - • Review and approve the project requests
      - Prioritize the project requests
      - Allocate resources, such as money, people, and equipment to approved projects
      - • Form a project development team for each approved project
- - - - Install and test the new system
        
        Unit Test
        • Verifies that each individual program or object works by itself
        
        System Test
        • Verifies that /all programs in an application work together properly
        
        Integration Test
        • Verifies that an application works with other applications
        
        Acceptance Test
        
        Checks the new system to ensure that it works with actual data
      - Convert to the new system
        
        Direct coversion
        
        • Conversion strategy where the user stops using the old system and begins using the new system on a certain date.
        
        Suitable when the old system has no value, the new system is significantly different, and there's no need for coexistence.
        
        Advantage: quick implementation technique and it does not involve any transition costs.
        
        Disadvantages: quick risk as the operation will be disrupted if the new system does not work properly
        
        Phased conversion
        
        The new system implemented slowly in stages. Similar to pilot approach but segments the system itself.
        
        • Separate segments are installed until the entire system is in place.
        
        Advantage : Minimizes organizational disruption and allows gradual resource acquisition.
        
        Disadvantage: lies in the costs incurred to develop temporary interfaces with old systems
        
        Parallel conversion
        
        Conversion strategy that consists of running the old system alongside the new system for a specified time.
        
        Provides protection against new system failures.
        
        Advantage: any problem in the new system can be fixed before the old system is terminated.
        
        Disadvantage: costly to operate two systems at the same time.
        
        Pilot conversion
        
        Implementation occurs section by section.
        
        For example, the new system is first installed in one sales region, then another if successful.
        
        • Advantage: Localizes risk and allows problem rectification before full implementation.
        
        Disadvantage: Lengthy process and not feasible for every system.
        
        Conversion strategy where only one location in the organization uses the new system - so that it can be tested.
      - Train users
        
        Training involves showing users exactly how they will use the new hardware and software in the system.
        
        One-on-one session
        
        Classroom-style lectures
        
        Web-based tutorials (self-directed / self-paced online instruction method)
        
        Users manuals
      - Develop the programs and apps
        
        If the organization purchases retail software or no modifications to existing custom software are required, the development team may skip this activity.
        
        For custom software that is new or requires modification, however, programs and apps are developed or modified either by an outside firm or in-house.
- - - - Monitor system performance
        
        to determine whether the system is inefficient or unstable at any point and system analysts find solutions to improve the system.
      - Assess system security
        
        All elements of an information system hardware, software, data, people, and procedures — must be secure from threats both inside and outside the organization.
        
        A chief security officer (CFO) is responsible for safeguarding the information assets of an organization.
        
        Data and network within organization must be secure from any intrusion and security breaches.
      - Perform maintenance activities
        
        fixing errors
        • improving a system's operations
- - - - Acquire hardware and software (if necessary)
        
        Test and evaluate vendor proposals
        
        System analysts evaluates and select the best quotations and proposal from potential vendors.
        
        System analysts test software product: user reference , demonstrations of products, get trial version and do benchmark tests.
        
        Solicit Vendor Proposals
        
        To request for vendor proposals, first summarize the requirement for the potential vendors.
        
        Make a decision
        
        System analyst present their recommendations to the steering committee for awarding the contract.
        
        Identify technical specifications
        
        Discuss with other system analysts.
        
        Visit vendor stores.
        
        Search the web.
      - Develop all of the details of the new or modified information system. (known as physical design)
        
        Database design
        
        Identify new or current data elements that exist in an organization.
        
        Input and output design
        
        Design the required menus, screens and reports. Prepared mock-up and layout charts.
        
        Program design
        
        Work on the program specification package, identifying the required programs and the relationship between the programs.
- - - - Conduct
        a preliminary investigation
        
        use various data gathering techniques during investigation. Firstly, interview the user who submitted the project request.
        
        main purpose of the preliminary investigation is to determine the exact nature of the problem or improvement and decide whether it is worth pursuing
        
        conduct 4 tests to evaluate feasibility of the project.
        
        System analysts write a feasibility report and present it to the steering committee.
      - Perform detailed analysis (known as logical design)
        
        Study how the current system works.
        
        Determine the users' wants, needs, and requirements.
        
        Recommend the solution- present system proposal to steering committee to approval.