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Britain timeline - Coggle Diagram

- - - - July-December 1653 Nominated Assembly
        
        1654-55 First Protectorate Parliament
        
        1655-58 Major Generals and Second Protectorate Parliament
        
        1658-60 fallout
        
        Cromwell dies September 1658
        
        Richard Cromwell brought in on the brink of bankruptcy in a half reformed government, without training
        
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        May 1659 Richard Cromwell resigns due to pressure from the NMA after he focused heavily on civil reform
        
        The Rump is reinstated in his place
        
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        11 March 1655 the Sealed Knot launch a revolt aiming to restore Charles II, led by Penruddock
        
        Failed to spring other revolts, leading to its suppression
        
        March 1654 Cromwell levied taxes without parliament, leading Cony to not pay it on 4th November
        
        Fined (refused to pay) and imprisoned on 12th December
        
        Judge only tried him because he was unwilling to cross Cromwell
        
        Major Generals
        
        Established to quell suppression and enact legislation, taken primarily from the NMA (most loyal to Crom)
        
        Split Britain into managerial sectors
        
        All legislation that had been struggling in parliament was finally enacted and movement began towards a military-fiscal state
        
        Decimation tax - 10% income tax on royalists
        
        Unpopular due to its extremity
        
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        Godly nation - abolition of various pastimes like horse racing, laws against things like drunkenness
        
        Very unpopular - seen as too Puritan
        
        1655 Jews allowed to live in England without persecution (helped war in Spain)
        
        Anti-Quaker action by Cromwell limited the otherwise positive tolerance to such an extent that it pushed Cromwell towards bringing parliament back
        
        War breaks out with Spain, costing £1 million a year, forcing Cromwell to call parl
        
        However, very popular when parl is called, allowing it to pass much legislation and leading to attempts to make Cromwell king
        
        Second Protectorate Parliament
        
        Naylor Case, Palm Sunday 1656
        
        Naylor reenacted Christ's arrival in Jerusalem in Bristol - the House then tried him for blasphemy, which they could not do in the constitution
        
        Humble Petition and Advice
        
        Would make Cromwell king, returning to a more Conservative gov and actually limiting Cromwell's power
        
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        Cromwell summarily closed parliament, and then died in September
        
        Developed during the Putney debates to make a constitutional monarchy, now Cromwell acts as 'instrument'
        
        Lord Protector (Crom), Parliament and Council
        
        Protects religious rights for all but Catholics and Episcopalians
        
        First elected government since the Long Parliament
        
        Voters had to have £200 of personal property
        
        Starts very efficient, with effective and fairer taxation
        
        Parliament immediately turns on it
        
        Over 70 refuse the 'oath of recognition' on the 12th Sept on the basis that the instrument was founded by a clique of Army officers
        
        Presbyterians attack freedom of worship
        
        Attempts to reduce the army from 50 to 30 thousand
        
        In response, Cromwell ends 12 days early, calculating months by the moon rather than the calendar
        
        Over the first parliament, Cromwell ostracises all his supposed allies
        
        Republicans think it too similar to monarchy
        
        Conservatives fear his push for increased freedoms
        
        NMA don't get representatives
        
        Presbyterians don't support religious uniformity
        
        Formed 4th July 1653 by 5th monarchists who believed Cromwell was a Saint and Jesus would return in 1666
        
        Entirely nominated by Cromwell and the Army's Council of Officers, with 140 nominees, five Scot, six Irish, the rest English
        
        Less religiously uniform - allowed civil marriage, officiated by JPs
        
        Divided parliament between 5th Monarchists and conservatives
        
        5th Monarchists wanted to remove the tithe as it promotes uniformity, while conservatives wanted to keep it as a source of income
        
        Following this, they vote to dissolve the Assembly, without informing the radicals - on 12th December the members of the assembly voted to dissolve after infighting
        
        Cromwell was summarily granted supreme authority
      - Charles II proclaimed king in Scotland and much of Ireland, preparing an army to invade
      - Trade relations fell apart as England was considered an outsider and outlaw
      - Much of the Gentry abandoned their work and their lending to the gov
      - Only source of power was the NMA
      - Society in chaos
        
        Diggers, 49-50
        
        Demanded an end to privatised land, instead all land should be 'common land'
        
        harassed by legal action and mob violence until they disbanded
        
        Ranters, late 40s to mid 50s
        
        Believed sin could not exist as God created the world so if it did exist God created it. Therefore anarchy is the natural state
      - Policies:
        
        Church
        
        Toleration Act 1650 removed compulsory attendance to church
        
        Moral offences became secular as things like adultery moved from church to legal territory.
        
        Establishing the Presbyterian church settlement progressed slowly, only really seeing success in Wales and northern England
        
        Law
        
        Jan 1652, a 21 man commission chaired by Matthew Hale investigated legal reform - however, only minor change was applied, despite the extent of corruption and tediosity of archaic laws
        
        Finance
        
        Stayed afloat while maintaining NMA through sail of crown and church land (fine), taxing property owners and a duty on goods and commodities (very unpopular) and compounding - selling royalist land back to their original owners (infuriated the royalists)
        
        Foreign Policy
        
        War with Scotland 1650-51
        
        Decisively won by England, reannexing Scotland
        
        Building of a navy 1649-51
        
        45 warships built and captured under the Generals-at-Sea
        
        This navy was used to privateer Portugal and Spain enough that they finally recognised the Commonwealth
        
        France followed in December 1652 after the destruction of their fleet at Dunkirk during the Franco-Spanish war
        
        First Anglo-Dutch war 1652-
  - - - Parliament gave tonnage and poundage for only one year but will continue to fund war
    - - Following Buckingham's failed Cadiz expedition (£250,000), Charles dissolves parl to avoid imprisoning of Buckingham without getting anything done
    - - Illegal tax but Charles wins against the 'five Knights' in court
    - - King allowed five knights to be reversed, making him break the magna carta, parl implements no more forced loans, imprisonment without trial or martial law, august buckingham assassinated
      - When Charles tries to dissolve, speaker is held down and passes the petition of right.
    - - Does not call parliament, uses illegal taxes like ship money and begins reforming church and state to Arminian and stricter on Ireland and Scotland
      - 1637 prayer book rebellion, Charles brings an army to enforce use of his prayer book
        
        First Bishops' war 1637-39
        
        Charles' taxes cant afford a large, competent army so signs Treaty of Berwick, forcing him to leave them alone religiously, with the war ending without battle
      - 1640-42 Short and Long parliaments
        
        Short parl 13th April - 5th May 1640
        
        Charles gets nothing done, parl calls for grievances to be addressed before funding a war with Scotland
        
        August 1640 Second Bishops' War
        
        Scots invade Northumberland
        
        Charles agrees to truce in Ripon as parl didn't give funds - Scots occupy Northumberland and Durham, getting £850 a day, Scots also reimbursed
        
        Long Parliament 1640-42
        
        Detailed timeline on OneNote
        
        1642-46 first civil war
        
        Battle of Edgehill 1642
        
        Regarded as a draw
        
        Prince Rupert of the Rhine vs the Earl of Essex
        
        Royalists score victories throughout 42-43
        
        Take North and South-West
        
        Oxford proposals 1643
        
        Parl requests same as end of long parl, gets denied cause Charles winning
        
        September 1643 Solemn League and Covenant
        
        Scots and Parl sign an alliance
        
        the Cessation 1643
        
        Charles signs peace with the Irish
        
        Interpreted as appeasement to Catholics
        
        Battle of Marston Moor 1644
        
        Cromwell with 4000 cav vs Prince Rupert
        
        Victory for parl
        
        Rest of 1644
        
        Essex and Manchester push for peace, weakening parls force
        
        Battle of Naseby 1645
        
        NMA established, self-denying ordinance stops parl based generals - cromwell
        
        Victory for parl
        
        King flees to Scotland 1646
        
        Attempts at settlement
        
        Newcastle Propositions July 1646
        
        Would enforce a presbyterian church, parliament control over the armies and the dismissal of some ministers
        
        Charles procrastinated for a year until the Army offered a settlement
        
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        Head of Proposals August 1647
        
        Parliament to be called every 2 years, parl controls army and navy, no mandatory Book of Common Prayer, Act of Indemnity absolving troops, Bishops have no power over civil matters
        
        Charles procrastinates until he can flee to Scotland
        
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        Putney debates: 'agitators', influenced by levellers, arguing parl only sat in the interest of the people and promoted freedom of worship and just law
        
        Grandees, led by Cromwell and Ireton, argue they fought the war to preserve, not overthrow society and the possession of property gave the right to responsibilities, entitling them to vote and sit in parl
        
        The Engagement December 1647
        
        Charles restored to pre 1642 position, Presbyterian church, suppression of sectarianism
        
        Charles accepts
        
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        1648-9 second civil war and resolution
        
        Scots invade July 1648
        
        Swift royalist defeats in Wales and East Anglia
        
        Battle of Preston August 1648
        
        Scots v. Cromwell, crushing defeat for the Scots
        
        Prides purge December 1648
        
        King put on trial for treason under the 1351 treason act
        
        Only possible after Colonel Pride blocked MPs who supported a settlement from entering parl
        
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        Ordinance 28th December 1648
        
        Charles finally placed on trial
        
        Charles killed 30th December