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Barrier systems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - regulates ion levels in blood (Na^+, K^+, Ca^2+, Cl^-, HPo_4^2- key)
      - regulate blood volume and pressure
        
        Volume by controlling amount excreted
        
        pressure by producing renin (involved in homeostasis)
      - regulate blood pH
        
        controlling H^+ ions in blood
        
        conserve bicarbonate (HCO3^-)
      - produce hormones (Calcitriol, from vit D, and erythropoietin, producing red blood cells)
      - excrete waste (ammonia, urea, bilirubin, creatine from metabolic activity)
  - - - fluid filtered through selectively permeable epithelium
      - hydro-static pressure or blood pressure is used to force solutes and water across membrane into the excretory system, creating filtrate
    - - essential small molecules are recovered from filtrated and returned to body fluids by active transport
    - - uses active transport to extract toxins and excess ions and add to contents of excretory tube
    - - processed filtrate leave the system and the body as urine
- - - - type I: skin, tendon, vascular tissue, organs, bone
      - type II: cartilage (main component)
      - type III: embryos and adult extracellular matrix of internal organs, and skin
      - type IV: cell basement membrane
      - type V: cell surfaces, hair and placenta
- - - - dermis (thicker)
      - subcutaneous layer
      - Epidermis (thin)
    - - 10 hairs
      - 15 subcutaneous glands
      - 11m nerves
      - 100 sweat glands
      - 2.6m blood vessels
      - 1,500,000 cells
      - 200 nerve endings
      - 3000 sensory cells
    - - langers lines
      - used to define skin incision for surgery
      - skin heals better when incisions are parallel to langers lines
    - - generally does not need surgical intervention
      - no need to consider further
      - mechanism
        
        1) basal endothelial cells detach from basement membrane and migrate into injury site and expand
        
        2) adjacent basal cells slide into wound as sheet
        
        3) stem cells divide and replace migrating cells
        
        4) when migrating cells meet they stop moving, grow and build new strains, thereby completing the wound repair
    - - may need surgical intervention, size dependent
      - Mechanism
        
        1) Blood clot forms and seals wound
        
        2) vasodillation (widening of blood cells) delivers immune cells (neutrphils, monocytes) to wound
        
        3) immune cells migrate into wound and digest microbes and foreign material
        
        4) fibroblasts begin to migrate into wound
        
        5) endothelial cells migrate into wound and proliferate
        
        6) clot turns into scab
        
        7) epithelial cells bridge the wound beneath the scab
        
        8) fibroblast cells lay down collagen fibers within the wound to form scar tissue
        
        9) blood vessel walls grow, reseal the vessel and restore normal blood flow
      - fibroblasts grow soft tissue
- - - - 21% oxygen
      - 78% nitrogen
      - 0.93% argon
      - trace CO2, methane, hydrogen and ozone
- - - - pharynx (throat)
      - larynx (voice box)
      - trachea (windpipe)
  - - - each person has c.480million alveoli
      - average radius 100micrometers and extremely thin walls (c.0.2micrometers) covered in capillaries
      - allow good transfer of oxygen from lungs to blood
      - allows good transfer of carbon dioxide from blood to lungs
    - - 1) occurs by reducing pressure inside lungs to below atmospheric, by tensing (straightening) the diaphragm, air drawn in
      - 2) diaphragm relaxes, pressure in lungs above atmospheric and air is expelled
      - further expansion of rib cage occurs by elevation of ribs followed by relaxation
      - ideal volume= volume of air inspired/expired per breath (c. 300ml in adults)
      - minute volume=volume of air breathed per minute
      - forced expiratory volume (FEV)= volume of air forced out in 1sec after maximum inspiration
      - residual volume (RV)= volume of air remaining after maximum expriation (c. 1.5L)
- - - - mouth
      - pharynx (throat)
      - esophagus
      - stomach
      - small and large intestines
      - rectum
      - anus
    - - salivary glands
      - liver
      - gall bladder
      - pancreas
  - - - converts nitrogenous waste from the breakdown of proteins into urea
      - excess proteins are broken down into amino acids
      - detoxifies blood, filters bacteria, alcohol, drugs, toxic substances etc
      - maintain levels of lipids, carbohydrates, blood clotting factors, clotting factors, regulates protein levels
      - liver (via intestines) excretes bile pigments that result from the destruction of hemoglobin
    - - certain drugs(including useful ones) can damage
      - excessive alcohol intake can damage
      - some viruses (hepatits) cause acute liver damage
      - given time can repair with new liver cells, no scar tissue (only other tat can do this is bone)
      - needs hepatocytes to repair its self
      - transplant can be used when damage is too extensive, must then take imunosurpressants
      - bridge to transplant can be dialysis or charcoal hemoperfusion using activated charcoal.
- - - - spleen
      - thymus
      - lymph nodes
      - tonsils
    - - B cells
      - T cells