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infectious diseases of humans - Coggle Diagram
infectious diseases of humans
diseases
infectious
-transmissible diseases and and can be spread from person to person
-caused by pathogens(microorganism)
=>bacteria and viruses are common in pathogens
-influenza
-HIV
-pneumococcal disease
ways of spreading
-through droplets in air
=>pathogens in droplets can be expelled in the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. When people inhale, they will be affected(covid and influenza)
-direct contact
=>HIV is transmitted through body fluid exchange during sexual intercourse
=>blood from infected person comes into contact with mucous membrane of uninfected person
-contaminated food/water
=>contamination of food with pathogens giving rise to water/food-borne diseases
non-infectious
-cannot spread from person to person
-not caused by pathogens
-may be inherited or caused by malnutrition, lifestyle choices and environmental factors like pollution
-liver cirrhosis due to excessive alcohol consumption
-type 2 diabetes due to unhealthy lifestyle
-coronary heart disease due to unhealthy diet or smoking
bacteria
-single celled organism
-no membrane bound nucleus
-singular circular DNA
-has cell wall, ribosomes and plasmids
-one or more flagella(tail)
-some are pathogenic and some are not
virus
-protein coat enclosing genetic material
-living characteristic
=>able to reproduce
-non-living characteristics
=>no cellular structures like cell membrane, cytoplasm and organelles
=>does not grow, move, feed, respire or excrete
-reproduce only in host cell that has essential materials for reproduction, such as enzymes and organelles like ribosomes
vaccines
-a vaccine contains an agent that resembles a pathogen
-when the vaccine enters our body, the complimentary antibodies of white blood cells bind to the antigens of the agent and stimulate the white blood cells to divide in order to produce more antibodies
-these antibodies can destroy all agents in the vaccine by binding to their antigens
-some of these white blood cells will remain in the blood stream for a period of time
-this allows them to respond readily to actual pathogens if they enter the body by producing large amounts of antibodies to destroy them before causing a severe infection
antibiotics
-destroy bacteria by interfering with their growth and metabolic activities
-chemically modifies to increase effectiveness
-inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall
=>bacterial cell wall is weakened. When water enters the cell through osmosis, cell will burst and die
-inhibits cell membrane function
=>antibiotics break up cell membrane causing it to lose its ppm that protects it from its environment. Loss of protecttion allows any substances to freely enter the cell causing it to die
-inhibits protein synthesis
=>antibiotics bind to ribosomes and prevent them from synthesising proteins. This impairs the growth of the cell
-inhibits enzyme action in cytoplasm
=>disrupts enzyme action that produces folic acid. Lack if folic acid impairs growth of cell
-ineffective towards viruses
=>viruses no cell wall, cell membrane and no cytoplasm
antibiotic resistance
-allows less sensitive bacteria to survive and reproduce
-subsequent generations of bacteria will become more sensitive to the antibiotic and will develop a resistance towards it
-same antibiotic will not be able to kill that specific bacteria