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Environmental Science: Chapters 5-9 - Coggle Diagram
Environmental Science: Chapters 5-9
Ecosystem Characteristics
Terrestrial: Grasslands, forests, deserts
Aquatic: Oceans, lakes, rivers
Wetlands: Transitional areas like swamps
Energy Flow
Producers: Autotrophs (e.g., plants with photosynthesis)
Consumers: Herbivores (primary), carnivores (secondary/tertiary)
Decomposers: Break down organic material (e.g., fungi, bacteria)
Succession
Primary: Begins with no soil (e.g., post-volcanic eruption)
Secondary: Soil present; recovers after disturbances like fires
Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat Loss: Conversion, fragmentation, and simplification of habitats
Invasive Species: Introduced species disrupting local ecosystems (e.g., spotted lanternfly)
Pollution: Chemical (e.g., pesticides), physical (e.g., sediment, noise)
Conservation Efforts
Protected Areas: National parks, wildlife reserves
Restoration Ecology: Bringing ecosystems back to their natural state, replanting native species
Ecosystem Services
Provisioning Services: Resources like food, timber, fuel
Regulating Services: Maintain balance (e.g., water filtration in wetlands)
Cultural Services: Non-material benefits (e.g., recreation, aesthetics)
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Overexploitation: Unsustainable resource use, often in biodiverse areas
Resource Use:
Consumptive Use: Local use, e.g., subsistence hunting
Productive Use: Economic purposes, e.g., commercial fishing
Population Growth Dynamics
Demography: Study of population data and trends
Growth Models:
Exponential Growth: Rapid, often in low-income countries
Logistic Growth: Stabilizes near carrying capacity, common in high-income areas
Historical Population Growth Revolutions
Neolithic Revolution: Transition to agriculture and settled life
Industrial Revolution: Mechanization, urbanization
Medical Revolution: Development of vaccines and antibiotics
Green Revolution: Increased agricultural production post-WWII
Sustainable Development and Solutions
Reducing Fertility Rates: Through education, healthcare access
Alleviating Poverty: Creating jobs, improving healthcare access
Global Progress: Millennium Development Goals achievements in poverty, education, healthcare