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ANIMAL CELL CULTURE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1909: Montrose T. Burrows, under Alexis Carrel’s direction, used plasma instead of lymph for cultivating warm-blooded animal cells, advancing tissue culture technology.
        
        1912: Alexis Carrel demonstrated long-term cultivation of chick fetus connective tissues and found that adding embryonic extract could enhance cell proliferation.
        
        1911: Margaret and Warren H. Lewis developed the Locke–Lewis solution, modifying it with amino acids and glucose to improve chick embryo cell growth, emphasizing the role of glucose.
        
        1940: Wilton R. Earle and team created the first immortal mouse fibroblast line (L cells), which allowed proliferation from a single cell and enabled continuous experimentation.
        
        1951: George O. Gey developed HeLa cells, the first infinitely proliferating human cell line, facilitating assays with homogeneous cell populations.
        
        1946-1950s: Research into basal media and protein-free media began. Early chemically defined media contained amino acids, vitamins, and glucose but often still required serum for long-term cell survival.
        
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- - - - Growth Factors: Work in small amounts to help cells grow, specialize, move, or secrete substances. Often added to serum-free media. Some need additives like heparin to remain stable. Example: EGF, FGF, IGF, NGF, PDGF, TGF.
        
        Hormones: Growth hormone and insulin help various cells grow. Hydrocortisone aids in cloning certain cells and maintains skin and other cell types. Triiodothyronine is essential for lung cells. Estrogen, androgens, progesterone, and prolactin are important for breast tissue maintenance. Example: Growth hormone, insulin, hydrocortisone, estrogen, androgen, progesterone, prolactin.
        
        Carrier Proteins: Vitamins, aiding in cell uptake. It also has antioxidant and stress-reducing effects.
        Transferrin provides iron to cells. Lactoferrin can act as a substitute for transferrin. Example: Albumin, transferrin, lactoferrin.
        
        Lipids and Related Components: Act as membrane components, nutrient storage, and signalling molecules. Some cells can produce necessary lipids but adding them to the medium eases their metabolic load. Certain cells need additional sterols as they lack the enzymes for cholesterol production. Lipoproteins and albumin help transport these lipids. Examples: Act as membrane components, nutrient storage, and signalling molecules. Some cells can produce necessary lipids but adding them to the medium eases their metabolic load. Certain cells need additional sterols as they lack the enzymes for cholesterol production. Lipoproteins and albumin help transport these lipids.
        
        Transition Metals: Function in enzyme activity by allowing electron transfer, supporting vital cell functions. Selenium, iron, copper, and zinc are often used in cell culture. Selenium, in particular, acts as an antioxidant through its presence in selenoproteins. Example: Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, I, Co, Se, Mn, Mo.
        
        Vitamins: Essential for cell growth and division. Vitamins C and E provide antioxidant effects. Fat-soluble vitamins are added as needed since they may not be present in sufficient amounts in basic media. Example: Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (e.g., B1, B2, B6, B12, C, folate).
        
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