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Cost of Early Industrialization - Coggle Diagram
Cost of Early Industrialization
Notes:
General
: -first wave of industrialization focused in the North -south focused on tobacco -during revolution most goods made by craftsmen/women -work broken down into skilled and unskilled labor after industrial revolution--> craftsmen had to take semi-skilled jobs unskilled jobs primarily went to Irish immigrants
Document I
: Hiram Munger was born into a Massachuetts family initally working in a textile milll (though for a short period).
Document 2
William J. Brown born into free Black family in Providence, became an artisan eventually but detailed his struggle to find work
D3
strikes became more common, ultimately failed for women fighting industrialization tended to petition state govts, men often joined in later *
New Immigrant Summary
New migrants biased by shipping company propoganda believed that they could start new businesses
D4
many immigrants were political radicals including
John Doyle
's father who immigrated after Irish Republican Revolt-- many migrants brought various sought trades across the ocean, John Doyle learned small scale entrepeurnership > profits than working for someone else, Irish Potato Famine increased immigration.
D5
details story of
British cabinetmaker
cabinetmaking as a trade didn't shift as rapidly to industrialization bc of complexity of trade
D6
as populatioon grew so did wealth gap, brutal work and long hours rampant disease
People living in industrialization
wealthy urban places, poorer cities-- more social issues
D7
Elias Nason he wrote a letter to his parents arguing that his sisters and brothers should go to college warned against factories and millls as the places of vice
D8
Five points slum near brodadwat (irony) old brewery renement for the very poor, Home Missionary society's women tore it down and aimed to help immigrant children (Catholic Irish not a fan of Protestant women telling them how to raise their children)
labor unions
courts working against labor unions,
D9
women worked in labor mills, often overproduction led to lower cost, mill managers cut wages, speed up production
D10
Shipworkers' strike works, arguing for ten hours worked
Thesis:What are the cost of industrializing to the American worker?
Industrialization's cost to the American worker was seen in the rising social issues, poor pay and economic mobility.
Native-Born workers
D1
describes the work as close to slavery
American slavery in the second degree.
The treatment of the help in those days was cruel, especially to poor children, of whom I was one
I struggled with poverty,
we were so poor that I had not clothes that were comfortable for winter or decent for summer much of the time
This was the misfortune of being very poor; it was not caused by indolence nor intemperance of my father, for there is hardly a man that lives, or ever did live or ever will, that worked harder and more hours to support a family than he did, and my mother too.
D2
after being denied jobs several times
I could readily see that the people were determined not to instruct colored people in any art.
despite Mr. Ira B. Winsor's seeming want to hire him
His uncle bitterly opposed his hiring a black boy while there were so many white boys he could get.
This objection of his uncle displeased him much, and he told him if he could not have me he would have none
Other boys of my acquaintance, with little or no education, jerked up instead of being brought up, were learning trades and getting employments, and I could get nothing.
soon found it was on account ot my color, for no colored men except barbers had trades, and that could hardly be called a trade
The white people seemed to be combined against giving us any thing to do which would elevate us to a free and independent position
To drive carriage, carry a market basket after the boss, and brush his boots, or saw wood and run errands, was as high as a colored man could rise. This seemed to be the only prospect lying in my path.
refusal to pay for the labor of a Black man
He was quite displeased with the bill, refusing to pay it.
I went down and found my bill ready for settlement, but he had reduced the bill from six and a half to two dollars, allowing me three cents for every errand this side of the bridge, above Market Square, and ten cents an hour for cutting wood.
D3
corporations opinion matter more
the mere echo of the will of the corporations
Shall the worthy laborer be awed into silence by wealth and power, and for fear of being deprived of the means of procuring his daily bread?
a large class of females are, and have been, destined to a state of servitude as degrading as unceasing toil can make it. I
Slaves to a system of labor which requires them to toil from five until seven o’clock, with one hour only to attend to the wants of nature, allowed—slaves to the will and requirements of the “powers that be,”
Difficulty of leaving jobs
insolently told that they shall labor there or not at all: and will not be released until their year has expired
long hours
she must still continue to toil on, long after Nature’s lamp has ceased to lend its aid—nor will even this suffice to satisfy the grasping avarice of her employe
poor living conditions
she is obliged to sleep in a small comfortless, half ventilated apartment containing some half a dozen occupants each
poor widows?
compelled to leave her home and the motherly care bestowed upon her, and enter one of these same large crowded boarding-houses
Link:
https://terrybouton.wordpress.com/1-native-born-workers-white-and-black-men-and-white-women-d1-3/
New Immigrants
Link:
https://terrybouton.wordpress.com/2-new-immigrants-to-the-us-d4-d6/
D4
printing not as profitable as previously thought
There is an immensity of printing done in America, still it is not as good as other businesses
a journeyman printer’s wages might be averaged at 71/2 dollars a week all the year round. In New York it may not be so much as they are often out of work.
lost money in court system bc justice didn't rule on his side against someon he was doing business with
I had to look for justice but was defeated for want of a person to prove my account. I lost the 9 dollars which I reckon to be 45 shillings.
slightly better than Ireland
There are poor houses charity schools and even soup houses here which shows that there are a number of destitute poor; of course there is misery in every part of the world, but none of the real actual poverty and distress which is in all parts of Ireland
One thing I think is certain that if the emigrants knew before hand what they have to suffer for about the first six months after leaving home in every respect they would never come here
an enterprising man, desirous of advancing himself in the world will despise everything for coming to this free country, where a man is allowed to thrive and flourish
notes at the end about how rules/standards are different in the US than in Ireland-- interesting dichatomy between having to suffer and also the potential for wealth in the us
D6
relatively abundant fruit
the profusion of meat, fruit, and vegetables was such, that two dollars and a half, or ten shillings sterling, sufficed for our weekly expenses
What a tempting sight to an Englishman is the display of pine-apples, melons, peaches, and profusion of tropical fruits!
the abundance and cheapness of an American market are very gratifying
high hopes
They cross the Atlantic with very exaggerated ideas of their own importance, and the advantages they expect to derive from the change of situation: but with regard to the United States
dangers/realities
will find a host of unforeseen difficulties awaiting them
they must work harder than ever if they wish to gain a comfortable living
losing sight of the multitudes who left their homes with the same views and have been miserably disappointed
his career ends hopelessly
they who can rely on the strength of their principles and their arms, may betake themselves to the smaller towns
a man may soon call himself the owner of a piece of land,
heat + work
what then must be the weariness and exhaustion attendant on eleven or twelve hours’ labour in a confined workshop? I have felt at times so worn out as scarcely to be able to crawl home in the evening, where, seating myself in a cool place, though this was rather difficult to find with the thermometer at 90° after sunset
Some of the masons who were at work on the great Astor Hotel dropped down dead from the effects of the hea
bugs
the torrid atmosphere generates such swarms of bugs that with the greatest care it is impossible to completely extirpate them
Millions of flies infest the air, swarm in every room, and settle on every article of food, so as to be truly disgusting.
In consequence of the want of sewers the drainage is all on the surface, which tends very much to increase the unsavouriness of the streets, swept but once a week during the summer, while in the winter the dirt is left undisturbed, mingled with the snow, for months together.
disease
I underwent a severe attack of bilious fever before being thoroughly acclimated;
our little daughter, who had lived through all the trials of the voyage, fell a victim to the disease so fatal to infant life throughout the United States, known as the “summer complaint,” or cholera infantum
her gentle heart ceased to beat
the streets are seen covered with all sorts of rubbish, ashes, bones, refuse vegetables, among which pigs prowl in undisturbed felicity.
expectations
I had always read in books and letters on America, that work was ever abundant
reality
all my experience proves the contrary, at least as regards New York.
trade was “ pretty well used up,” and “no hands were wanted.”
fear of foreigners
one manufacturer remarked in an angry tone, that “the city was overcrowded with foreigners who took away work that by right belonged to the citizens.”
safety valve
“Go west,“ was the general observation, ”go west; the city’s too full; any quantity of work out west.“
”Don’t do any such thing; if you can’t get a living in New York, you can’t in any part of the Union; I have tried both, and know it.”
diversity
I found my shopmates were from many different countries; two were Americans, one Irish, one English, two Germans, and one Frenchman.
The Americans of our workshop were among the noisiest of the strike, and naturally expected that I should join them; but to this, for several reasons
I was receiving quite as high wages as my manual skill deserved
I expressed my belief that the unsatisfactory rate of wages was rather to be attributed to the unprecedented influx of workmen from abroad, than to any other circumstance
weird counterintuitive thing
promised to waylay and “hammer ” me on my way home from work,
I found myself involuntarily calculating how long they would live on two dollars, all that would lie left after the payment of our fare. I sat upon my chest, lost….
Residents in Cities
Link:
https://terrybouton.wordpress.com/3-residents-in-industrializing-cities-d7-d8/
D7
Factories are talked about as schools of vice in all circles here.
disdain for workers in mills and factories
. It affects their growth, makes them pale and sickly and the company with which they associate is of the lowest order.
I pity from my soul the thousands in our country that are reduced to the necessity of laboring in a Factory for a livelihood
D8
irony of wealth of NYC, and the growing inequality
Midst wealth and splendor, wasted forms are seen,
Who law, or human or divine, defy,
And live but to perpetuate crime and misery.”
One minute’s walk from that Broadway-point of wealth, commerce, and enjoyment, will place him in another world of vision, thought, and feeling.
dirt, squalid-looking women, brutal men with black eyes and disfigured faces, proclaiming drunken brawls and fearful violence, complete the general picture.
Infancy and childhood, without a mother’s care or a father’s protection: born in sin, nurtured in crime; the young mind sullied in its first bloom, the young heart crushed before its tiny call for affection has met one answering response.
When the ladies commecned their mission in this miserable locality, the hope of rescuing the children from the almost certain result of corrupt parental example was perhaps the strongest feeling that influenced them.
The children! hundreds of them with drunken fathers and drunken mothers, who made no provision for their comfort, and scarce any for their physical existence, beyond the miserable dens they called their homes
The children! hundreds of them with drunken fathers and drunken mothers, who made no provision for their comfort, and scarce any for their physical existence, beyond the miserable dens they called their homes
Workers striking for better wages
https://terrybouton.wordpress.com/4-workers-striking-for-better-wages-hours-and-working-conditions-d9-d10/
D9
When it was announced that the wages were to be cut down, great indignation was felt, and it was decided to strike, en masse
Hitherto the corporations had paid twenty—five cents a week towards the board of each operative, and now it was their purpose to have the girls pay the sum
D10
Mechanical mankind had labored from sunrise to sunset, with only the hour of intermission at dinner-time
t the bosses up the “island” had agreed to the ten-hour regulation
I think the strike continued ten days, during the whole of which time our bosses came and went about their business,
The constantly accumulating power of multiplied trades-unions throughout the length and breadth of the land, and the great eight-hour Magna Charta of emancipation for the American people from excessive labor are now becoming everywhere popular. Our march is shoulder to shoulder, in solid phalanx towards a common goal, that thirty years ago was beyond the orbit of Mars to the operative mechanics and workingmen of this country.