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Semester 2 Science!, Main title - Coggle Diagram
Semester 2 Science!
Ecology :evergreen_tree:
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Mutualism is a type of relationship between the host and a symbiont, where both organisms benefit and no one is harmed.
Example-
- Bees collect nectar from flowers to make honey while at the same time pollinating the flowers.
- Bird pick the food debris, parasites, and dead tissue out of crocodiles mouth for food. Crocodile gets teeth cleaned.
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Commensalism
Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped
Example-
- Bird sit on the back of elephants in Africa- Birds don't need to fly- elephants unaffected.
- Barnacles attach themselves to whales. Whales are unaffected by barnacles gain mobility to rich food sources.
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Parasitism
Parasitism refers to a type of relationship between two organisms, in which one benefits while the other is harmed.
Example-
- Ticks and mammals: Ticks attach to mammals (like deer or dogs) and feed on their blood. The ticks benefit by gaining nutrients, while the host suffers potential blood loss and risk of disease transmission.
2.Tapeworms in intestines: Tapeworms live in the intestines of animals, including humans, where they absorb nutrients from the host’s food. The tapeworm benefits, but the host may suffer from malnutrition and other health issues.
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Competition
Competition refers to the interaction between organisms or species that compete for the same limited resources, such as food, water, light, or space. This struggle can limit growth, reproduction, and survival for one or more of the competing organisms.
Example-
- Trees grow taller to compete for sunlight
- Birds fighting over a worm
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Food
Food Chains
Energy Transfers
10% rule-
The 10% rule states that only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed to the next level in a food chain. For example, if plants capture energy from the sun, only 10% of that energy is transferred to herbivores when they eat the plants. The rest is lost as heat or used for life processes.
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A food chain is a sequence that shows how energy moves from one organism to another in an ecosystem. It starts with a producer (like a plant), followed by consumers (animals that eat plants or other animals), and often ends with a top predator. Each step is called a "trophic level."
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Food Webs
A food web shows how plants and animals in an ecosystem are connected by what they eat. It maps out who eats whom and how energy moves through the ecosystem.
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Human Impacts
Over Fishing
Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its population naturally, resulting in the species becoming increasingly underpopulated in that area.
Agricultural runoff
Agricultural run-off is the surface runoff from farmland's excess water as a result of irrigation or rainfall
Plastic
Microplatics
Microplastics are fragments of any type of plastic less than 5 mm in length,
Plastic Pollution
Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects and particles in the Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat. Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized by size into micro-, meso-, or macro debris
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