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BREACKWATER : - Coggle Diagram
BREACKWATER :
Harbor protection is normally achieved by the construction of breakwaters.
They are constructed to protect exposed harbors otherwise lacking natural protection from adverse effects of waves, currents, migrated sediments, and drifting ice and to create a calm water area within the harbor which is required for safe and convenient ship operation.
Breakwaters can be shore-connected (moles) or located offshore with no connection to the shore.
Breakwater(s) layout
Ideally, breakwaters are placed so as to provide an area that is sufficiently large and protected from wave action so that it is adequate for safe entering and maneuvering of the largest design vessels and adequate functioning of the port.
Stopping Area
To provide for a ship's safe entrance into a port basin, the length of the basin adjacent to the entrance and immediately inside the basin
should be sufficiently long to allow a ship entering the basin at a reasonable speed to stop safely.
Maneuvering Area
Before a vessel starts an actual berthing pro-cedure, it usually stops in a maneuvering area.
This area generally includes the necessary area to allow a ship to reduce speed and swinging area sufficiently.
Anchorage Area
A large natural harbor protected naturally or by a breakwater system may offer sufficient water area for anchorages, where ships can safely be anchored while waiting their turn for berthing in favorable weather conditions or for any other reasons.
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Harbor Entrance
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Breakwater desing
In general, breakwaters are classified as sloping or rubble-mound, vertical, composite, and special breakwaters. Selection of one type of breakwater structure or another for harbor protection depends first and foremost on local site conditions.
https://youtu.be/L7tqaG6b7qY?si=KJ5BTDvn3ZNVANdL
Design of a Conventional Rubble Mound Breakwater.
As noted earlier, a
rubble-mound breakwater is a structure formed of superimposed orderly layers of natural stones of different size protected by large rocks or concrete blocks of miscellaneous designs.
Vertical Breakwaters
Historically, breakwaters in general, and vertical breakwaters in particular, were built around the Mediterranean hundreds of years B.c. Ancient breakwaters were constructed of stone blocks and in the form of timber cribs filled with stones.
ECONOMY OF BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION
As stated earlier, the primary purpose of breakwater system construction is establishing an area (basin) of calm water where a vessel can be safely moored without experiencing movements that can either jeopardize the safety of the vessel or disrupt the cargo transfer operations.
APPENDIX: DESCRIPTION OF THE WAVE FIELD
INTRODUCTION
Knowledge of the characteristics of the wave field in an area where port engineering works are to be executed is of paramount importance since wave attack produces the primary loading of such structures.
PARAMETIC WAVE FORECASTING
In general, wind-generated waves are the most important type of sea waves in the design of port structures. The conditions under which
waves can be generated are classified into two categories: fetch-controlled or wind duration-controlled conditions. In the former, the duration of wind blowing is assumed adequately long; in the latter, the fetch over which waves develop and propagate is assumed unlimited.
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