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Nervous System Pathology, 聲帶無法拉長,張力無法提高,是故音調降低, GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)是抑制性神經遞質,它由紋狀體…
- Peripheral Nervous System Pathology
- Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) Paralysis
- Definition: External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (ESLN) paralysis affects the cricothyroid (CT) muscle, reducing vocal fold tension.
- Loss of upper pitch range
- breathiness, hoarseness講話有氣息聲 兩側閉合不一致有沙啞聲
- Volume disturbance 音量不穩定 Vocal fatigue講話費力
- Acoustic: Reduced phonatory frequency range發聲頻率範圍減少,elevated aperiodicity聲帶周期性減弱,jitter shimmer提升
- Aerodynamic: Increased airflow, reduced maximum phonation time
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patient self report
Vocal weakness, vocal effort
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- Observation for spontaneous recovery
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- Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) Paralysis
- Definition: Paralysis of TA, PCA, LCA, and IA muscles.
- Unilateral RLN Paralysis/UVFP單側聲帶麻痹:
- Inadequate vocal fold closure: Breathiness, dysphonia
聲帶麻痹是否會影響嗓音,要看聲帶麻痹所停留的位置
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in between
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喉部症狀
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麻痺側的聲帶體和肌張力降低導致聲帶呈現弓形,鬆弛,虛弱無力。
聲音症狀
Breathiness, diplophonia(複聲), low pitch 響度降低
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Rest at midline
症狀
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喉部
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在運動或繁重勞動等劇烈活動中出現呼吸困難(Breathing problem during strenuous activities such as sports, heavy labor)
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Loss of vocal fold muscle tone:in the paralyzed fold, resulting in
flaccidity, weakness, and bowing 聲帶肌遲緩無力呈現弓形
- Bilateral RLN Paralysis:聲帶麻痹最嚴重的形式
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症狀
aspiration risk
有誤吸風險,需用氣管造口術(Tracheostomy)餵食,比如鼻胃管
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病理
更高位的迷走神經損傷或延腦式經核損傷,漸進式神經病變
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- Superior and Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paresis
- Definition: Partial dysfunction in SLN or RLN affecting motion range
嗓音症狀
- Mild dysphonia, decreased pitch and loudness
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- Laryngeal asymmetry in motion
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- Laryngeal Electromyography (LEMG) 喉肌電圖confirms paresis
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- Recovery expected within 6-12 months
- Definition: Autoimmune disorder impairing neuromuscular transmission.
- Vocal fatigue, weak phonation
- Symptoms worsen with prolonged speech, improve after rest:weakness breathiness limited pitch and loudness range,flaccid dysathria遲緩型吶吃
- LEMG: Rapid decrease in muscle activity during phonation
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., pyridostigmine) 服用ACH抑制劑 但無法治癒
- Voice conservation strategies:一次不要講太長句子 講完後休息一會
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病理
下運動神經元因肌肉神經結合處的ACH接受器受損,沒辦法刺激肌肉收縮,行動時骨骼肌忽然疲倦
注意事項
迷走神經受損的病灶決定哪種型態的麻痺和嗓音品質
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靠近腦幹的近端受損同時影響喉上和喉返神經(甲狀腺手術,心肺手術,主動脈弓動脈瘤)
病理原因
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胸腔疾病和手術
非喉癌,頸椎融合手術(anterior cervical fusion),甲狀腺手術
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- Movement Disorders Affecting the Larynx
- Spasmodic Dysphonia (SD)痙攣性嗓音異常
- Definition: Focal dystonia with involuntary laryngeal muscle spasms.特徵是持續且顯著的發聲痙攣的感知症狀,但沒有其他運動語言障礙或喉部病變的證據
- Adductor SD (ADSD): 肌肉停在中線
- Abductor SD (ABSD): 肌肉忽然張開
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聲音症狀
音高或聲音中斷、不能預測的間歇性語音阻塞,特徵為聲音突然卡住或停止
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發聲行為
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次要行為:類似於口吃的行為,例如搖頭晃腦、眨眼、聲音啟動(Secondary behaviors similar to stutter such as head jerking, eye blinking, vocalized starters)
身體不適的抱怨:如身體疲勞、頸部、背部和肩部肌肉緊繃(Complaint of physical fatigue, tightness of neck, back and shoulder muscles)
聲音症狀
非自願的中斷與間歇性失聲,伴隨無法控制的長時間氣息性發聲爆發(Involuntary breaks & intermittent aphonia, with uncontrolled prolonged bursts of breathy phonation)。
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聲音起始正常,但隨著持續說話會失去聲音(Voice onset normal, & then loss of voice with continued speaking)。
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- Laryngoscopy: Spasms visible during connected speech
- Botulinum toxin injections在聲帶或喉內肌上打肉毒桿菌
- Behavioral voice therapy輕中度可以用嗓音治療改善
病理
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大約有15,000人受痙攣性發音障礙(Spasmodic Dysphonia, SD)影響
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特徵
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聲音症狀
Speech symptoms are strained-strangled, breathy, or mixed
語言症狀包括聲音緊繃-扼住感、氣息聲或混合型聲音異常
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- Essential Vocal Tremor 原發型嗓音顫抖
- Definition: Rhythmic tremor of laryngeal muscles是一種中樞神經系統疾病,以身體各部位(包括喉部)的節律性顫抖為特徵
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- 音高和聲音強度會以規律的頻率波動,典型頻率為每秒4-7次。聲音聽起來有點抖或像顫音。
- 喉部顫抖和SD可能同時發生,加劇聲音問題。患者可能會同時出現聲音的間歇性卡頓與音調或音量的波動。
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- Central Neurologic Disorders Affecting Voice
- Definition: Hypokinetic dysarthria from basal ganglia dysfunction是一種由運動皮層基底神經節中 多巴胺缺失引起的錐體外系統疾病
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多巴胺刺激直接路徑(Dopamine excites the direct pathway,增加運動活動)並抑制間接路徑(inhibits the indirect pathway,減少運動活動)。兩個作用共同導致運動活動的增加
紋狀體細胞抑制直接路徑並刺激間接路徑,這兩個作用共同導致運動活動的減少
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運動
When the substantia nigra is damaged, losing dopamine on direct and indirect pathway results in reduction of motor activity, thus reduced movements
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聲音症狀
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Breathy, occasional vocal tremor; reduced speech intelligibility
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- Lee Silverman Voice Therapy (LSVT)核心目標是在嚴格的訓練中進行大聲發音,改善聲音響度與品質、發音力量與精確性以及語音清晰度
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- Definition: Genetic disorder causing hyperkinetic dysarthria.Manifests in young adulthood
- Early: Strained voice, involuntary phonatory bursts
- Late: Dysphagia, loss of speech control
運動
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loss of motor control, coordination, and balance
- Behavior voice and speech treatment
- Augmentative communication devices in late stages
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Monitor changes in speech, respiration, and swallowing
病理
- Genetic autosomal dominant neurologic disease.染色體顯性遺傳疾病
- Loss of GABAergic cells in the striatum, leading to decreased inhibition in the indirect pathway.紋狀體(Striatum)中 GABAergic 細胞的喪失
- Increased motor output causing uncontrolled hyperactivity.
- Loss of cholinergic cells exacerbates motor dysfunction.
- Definition: Demyelinating disease causing spastic-ataxic dysarthria
- Spastic-ataxic dysarthria, effortful bursts of phonation, intermittent aphonia
- Altered prosody , abnormal speech rate
有問題的功能
Gait步態, mobility活動度 & coordination, vision, cognition
Vocal tract, head & neck muscle
, decreased articulatory precision
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- Behavior voice treatment:Functional communication maintenance through therapy
病理
Progressive demyelination of nerves, forming scar tissue.一種進行性發炎性脫髓鞘疾病
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- Affects young adults, higher prevalence in women.
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)肌萎縮性脊髓側索硬化症
- Definition: Degenerative neurological disorder affecting motor neurons.Affects adults between 30-60 years
- Mixed spastic-flaccid dysarthria
Lower motor neuron impairment
Muscle weakness, fasciculation肌束顫搐, and atrophy萎縮
Upper motor neuron impairment:
Spasticity, stain, and effortful speech
聲音症狀
Spastic dysarthria
Slow speech rate, strained-strangled voice, reduced stress and prosody,
hypernasality
Flaccid dysarthria
Hoarse, breathy voice, consonant distortions, short phrases, hypernasality
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- Compensatory strategies, augmentative communication tools
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病理
Primary pathology affects both upper and lower motoneurons
Motoneurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cortex
定義
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一般分為
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paralysis
自主運動功能完全喪失
最常見的神經型嗓音障礙是聲帶麻痺,因為喉返神經比較長
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- Other Disorders of Voice Use
- Vocal Abuse, Misuse, and Phonotrauma
- Prolonged, effortful, maladaptive vocal behaviors
loud voice production, sharp glottal attack
inappropriate technique for voice or singing,
aggressive laryngeal vegetative maneuvers(throat clearing, coughing, grunting咕嚕聲
- Cumulative effect: Traumatic injury to vocal folds, benign lesions
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- Loss of frequency and intensity control
- Effortful phonation, shortness of breath, throat pain 發聲費力 喉嚨痛 呼吸短促
Deteriorated vocal quality, decreased endurance
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- Increased viscosity of vocal fold cover
- Loss of internal hydration 脫水
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- Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD)肌肉緊張型發聲困難
- Characterized by visible or palpable tension in neck, jaw, shoulders
- Primary MTD: No associated structural or neurological pathology 發聲時頭頸部下巴過於緊張緊張導致嗓音問題,佔嗓音障礙個案40%以上
- Secondary MTD: Compensatory behavior for underlying pathology 頭頸部原有病灶導致聲帶在發聲時過度緊張:聲帶結節,息肉,聲帶溝,導致太用力收縮肩膀作為代償作用,雖然治癒了但還是留著這種代償行為
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pain, vocal fatigue,拉緊聲,異常音高
- Diagnostic signs: Excessive supraglottic tension, posterior gap
Patient complaints periodic pain in the larynx, neck and other areas(肩膀) 病人若有發聲問題但無明顯喉部病理現象,也可能喉頸部+肩膀過度緊張造成
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- Ventricular Phonation (Plica Ventricularis)假聲帶發聲 / 喉室帶發聲障礙
- Use of ventricular (false) folds as a compensatory vibratory source only if the true vocal folds cannot valve normally 發生真聲帶麻痺, 疤痕組織, 認知異常等,假聲帶才會代償性震動
- Symptoms: Very low-pitched, rough, strained voice with limited loudness and endurance; mototonous;diplophonia複聲
- Treatment: Behavior therapy to cue true vocal fold vibration真聲帶可閉合就先做嗓音治療
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- Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion (PVFM)/Episodic dyspnea聲帶運動功能異常/不明原因呼吸困難
- Inappropriate adduction of vocal folds during inspiration
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Severe:chronic dyspnea呼吸困難, requiring a tracheostomy
- Common in athletes, stress-related
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膽鹼能細胞釋放 Acetylcholine, Ach,參與調節運動,喪失進一步破壞了運動的精確控制,進一步導致運動輸出的增加。