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Exam 3, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - molecular data
      - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - multiple whorls of petals
      - androecium
        
        2+ whorls of anthers
      - gynoecium
        
        5+ carpels
    - - Archaefructus sinensis
      - Likely herbaceous
      - Likely aquatic
      - 124.6bya
    - - amborellaceae
      - ambroella
      - amborella trichopoda
      - New caledonia
      - Dioecious
        
        male plants
        
        female plants
      - shrub
    - - floral axis shortened
        
        floral parts often fused
      - ovary superior
      - radial symmetry
  - - - leaf like structure
      - 4 floral appendages
        
        sepals, sterile
        
        Petals, Sterile
        
        stamens, male fx
        
        Carpels, female fx
      - incomplete flowers lack appendage
    - - outermost appendage
      - surround maturing flower plants
      - protects the flower bud
      - may be colorful
      - calyx
    - - above the sepals
      - leaf-like
      - attract pollinators
      - collectively are a corolla
      - perianth
      - wind pollinated
    - - occur above the petals
      - androecium
      - anther and its supporting filament
      - diploid anther cells
      - Microspores
        
        undergo mitosis
        
        form resistant cell wall
      - Microgametophyte
        
        pollen grains
      - Carpels
        
        megasporophyll
        
        carpels are gynoecium
        
        stigma catches pollen grains
        
        style elevates the stigma
        
        ovary where megaspores produced
        
        ovules mature into seeds
  - - - superior
        
        carpel above
      - inferior
        
        receptacle surrounds carpel
        
        carpel below
    - - hypogynous
        
        beneath ovary
        
        ex lilies
      - Epigynous
        
        perianth & stamens top pf ovary
        
        ex apple flower
      - Perigynous
        
        perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        
        ex: cherry flower
    - - lacking whorl of sexual organs
      - Hermaphoroditic= perfect
      - Monoecious = male & female on same plant
      - Dioecious = male on one female on different
      - Male = androecious
      - Female= gynoecious
    - - inflorescence
      - Taxonomic importance
      - cross pollination
  - - - color
      - smell, organic volatiles
      - shape
      - bloom time
      - rewards, eg nectar
    - - some colors are more attractive
      - color requires resource
        
        omit when unnecessary
      - some are in the uv spectrum
    - - signal to pollinators
      - Sometimes use own prefrences
      - some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde
        
        Linalool
        
        Limonene
        
        beta ocimene
      - may have scent glands
        
        roses
    - - floral symmety
      - actinomorphic
        
        radially symmetric
        
        sunflower
      - Zygomorphic
        
        irregular
        
        Bilateral
        
        pea
    - - Diurnal
        
        day time
      - nocturnal
        
        night time
    - - Nectar
      - pollen
      - oil
    - - Abiotic
        
        anemophily
        
        Hydrophily
      - Biotic
        
        melittophily
        
        Psychophily
        
        Phalenophily
        
        Myophily
        
        sapromyophily
        
        ornithophily
        
        chiropterophily
        
        cantharophily
    - - wind
      - No bright colors, special odors
      - small
      - most have no petals
      - stamens and stigmas
      - large amount of pollen
      - pollen smooth
      - stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
    - - water
      - copious pollen
      - small flowers
      - long filaments
      - oblong
    - - bee
      - full of nectar
      - brightly colored
      - sweetly aromatic
      - open in daytime
      - landing platform
      - bilaterally symmetrical
      - tubular with nectar
    - - butterfly
      - landing platforms
      - brightly colored
      - opened during the day
      - ample nectar
      - nectar guides
      - clusters of small flowers
    - - moth
      - night pollinated
      - white
      - Heavy scent
      - tubular corollas
    - - fly
      - pale and dull
      - translucent patches
      - putrid order, like rotting meat, carrion
      - nectar guides not present
      - produce pollen
      - complex traps
    - - bird
      - tubular
      - tubes funnels cups
      - strong supports for perching
      - odorless
      - open during the day
      - prolific nectar
      - modest pollen
    - - Bat
      - Open at night
      - large in size
      - pale or white
      - very fragrant
      - copious dilute
    - - beetle
      - bowl-shaped
      - white
      - strongly fruity
      - open during the day
      - moderate nectar
      - solitary flowers
      - cluster of small flowers
    - - pollinator
      - smell like pollinator
      - uses trickery
      - no reward
      - saprophily included
  - - - primary endosperm
      - zygote develops
      - integuments development
      - ovary wall
    - - ovary wall
        
        pericarp
        
        thickens and differentiation
        
        exocarp
        
        mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
    - - Exocarp
      - mesocarp
      - Endocarp
    - - any fruit with accessory tissue
      - tissue besides the ovary is included
      - can be simple
    - - fruit development
        
        without fertilization
        
        without seed deleovment
    - - single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - Examples
        
        bean
        
        cherry
        
        tomato
      - major fleshy types
        
        Berries
        
        Drupes
        
        Pomes
      - Major dry types
        
        Dehiscent
        
        indehiscent
      - Aggregate fruits
        
        apocarpous gynoecium
        
        carpel retains identitiy
        
        example
        
        magnolias
        
        Rasberries
        
        strawberries
      - Multiple fruits
        
        derived from inflorescence
        
        combined gynoecia of flowers
        
        example
        
        fig
        
        mulberry
        
        pineapple
  - - - wind
      - water
      - animal
        
        active
        
        passive
      - self
    - - wings
      - parachutes
      - lightweight seeds
    - - Buoyant
      - large airspaces
      - coconut
    - - fleshy
      - provide animal w/ nutrients
      - long distance dispersal
      - seed pass through
      - seeds are regurgitated later
      - ends up in a nice little pile
      - ants with elaisome
    - - hooks
      - catch on fur
      - catch on hoof
      - velcro
    - - Gravity
      - Exploding
- - - - moves water: soil ---> atmosphere
      - major input of water cycle
    - - potential for water to react and move
      - polarity
      - attracted to other substances
      - ions= lower potential
    - - free energy of water
      - moves from less negative water
    - - 3 components of water potential
      - ψp = pressure potential:
        
        hydrostatic pressure
        
        turgid plant cells
        
        negative xylem cells
      - ψπ = osmotic potential:
        
        solution & pure solvent
      - ψm = matric potential:
        
        adhesion of water
        
        soil particles
        
        always negative
  - - - transpiration stream
      - high to low moisture level
      - less negative to more negative
    - - stomata open shortly after daybreak
      - close at times of stress
      - close at night #
    - - open stomata
      - water evaporates from intercellular spaces
      - domino effect
    - - hypotonic to hypertonic
      - root hairs greatly increase surface area
    - - casparian strip of root endodermis
      - symplastic movement
      - embolism is an air pocket
        
        non functional treachery
    - - H2O diffuses out
      - H2O in the uppermost tracheary
      - tension is on these molecules
    - - cohesion due to water polarity
      - adhesion along cell walls
  - - - transport assimilate from sources
      - materials moved to sinks
        
        actively growing areas
        
        storage areas
    - - sugars transported as sucrose
      - Actively transported into sieve elements
      - decreases water potential
    - - created water potential gradient
    - - phloem close to xylem
      - xylem higher than phloem
      - water moves less negative to more negative
    - - sucrose actively transported
      - by companion cells
      - stored as starch
      - used in metabolism
        
        aerobic respiration
- - - - seed ferns
      - Gymnosperms
        
        pro gymnosperms
      - Angiosperms
    - - Elkinsia Polymorpha
        
        4-5 lobes
        
        -360mya
      - late Devonian
      - Pseudosporogonites quadrapartitus
    - - Lobate integuments
        
        no nucleus
      - moresnetia zalesskyi
        
        8-10 lobes
        
        -360mya
    - - complete enclosure
        
        increased protection
        
        Desiccation
        
        Herbivory
      - stamnostoma
        
        325mya
      - Gnetopiselliptica
    - - evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperm nucellus apex
      - similar genes
    - - Heterospory
      - Protection
        
        Integuments
      - pollen capture
        
        pollen chamber
        
        Micropyle
      - Nucellus
  - - - Heterospory
      - Megasporangium
      - Mention of megaspores
      - Reduction
      - survival of 1 megaspore
      - Endoscopic megagmetophyte
      - modification of megasporangium
      - Embryo develop
    - - Megaspores
        
        megagmetophyte
      - Microspores
        
        Microgametophyte
      - Found in non-seed plants
    - - first integument telomes
      - Second integument phyla origin
    - - megasporocyte
        
        megaspore mother cell
        
        Reduced to one
    - - megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
      - 4 resulting daughter cells
      - 3 megaspores degenerate
      - 1 megaspore remains
    - - reduced megaspores 3 aborted
      - large megaspore retained inside
      - extra layer of protection
    - - megagametophyte retained inside
      - fertilization of egg in wall
      - extra layer of protection
    - - pollen chamber
        
        programmed cell death
      - micropyle
    - - muliticellular megagametophyte
      - egg retained
      - after syngamy
    - - multicellular free
        
        gametophyte dominant
        
        reduced over time
      - Antheridia
        
        sperm development
        
        sperm rely on water
      - flagellated sperm
      - pollen
        
        microgametophyte
        
        dispersal no longer requires water
        
        exile prevents desiccation
        
        some with air bladders
        
        transport by wind #
      - Haustoria pollen tubes
        
        Tubes feeding on nucellus
        
        Provide nutrients
        
        pollination to fertilization
      - Direct delivery
        
        sperm to the megagametophyte
        
        Pollen tube
        
        directed by synergids
        
        feed on nucellus
        
        feed on style
      - Reduced
        
        angiosperm
        
        tube cell
        
        generative cell
        
        microspore within
        
        mitosis within microspore
        
        endoscopic male gametophyte
    - - Gymnosperm
        
        megasporangium is nutritious
        
        nested doll
        
        integument 1
        
        megaspore wall
        
        megasporangium
        
        Archegonium
        
        Eggs
      - ex: pine ovule
      - Angiosperm ovule
        
        2 integuments
        
        megasporangium=nucellus
        
        megasporocyte reduced to one
        
        megaspore reduced to 1
        
        megaametophyte= egg sac
        
        Furniculum
      - ex: lily ovule
      - Gymnosperm v Angiosperm
        
        both single megasporocyte
        
        Both single megaspore
        
        1 integument 2 integuments
        
        unique to angiosperm
        
        additional protection
        
        double fertilization
    - - Advantages
        
        Increased independence
        
        Enabled colinization
        
        Enabling advanced reproductive traits
        
        pollination drops
        
        Embryo dormancy
      - gymnosperms
        
        pine
        
        some with fleshy outer layer
        
        several cotyledons
        
        integument becomes seed coat
      - Double-fertilization
        
        pollen tube grows down
        
        generative cell divides into 2 sperm
        
        pollen tube raptures inside synergid
        
        one sperm fuses with egg
        
        2n diploid
        
        zygote
        
        one sperm fuses with polar nuclei
        
        3n triploid
        
        Endosperm
      - monocot
        
        one cotyledon
        
        large amount of endosperm
        
        corn
        
        integuments become seed coat
      - Edicot
        
        2 cotyledons
        
        large amount of endosperm
        
        seed coat
        
        bean