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Exam 3: Transportation, Seeds, and Flowers - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Transpiration stream
      - Water movement from soil to atmosphere
      - Follows relatively high to low moisture level
      - From less negative to more negative water potential
      - Stomata
        
        Stomata open shortly after daybreak
        
        Close at times of stress
        
        Close at night
      - Water Potential Gradient
        
        Open stomata
        
        Water evaporates from intercellular spaces
        
        Starts the domino effect of water potentials
        
        Mesophyll cells to xylem, drawing water from vein
      - Water Movement Scheme - Water enters through root hair via osmosis due to hypotonic soil solution
        
        Water enters through root hair via osmosis due to hypotonic soil solution
        
        Water pases through endodermis, filtering solution, preventing embolism and foreign invaders
        
        As H2O diffuses out of xylem in the leaves, cohesive forces pull H2O upward through the xylem, all the way from the roots.
        
        H2O in the uppermost tracheary elements must lift the weight of the entire H2O column.
        
        Tension is on these molecules, and consequently, the pressure potential is a negative number.
        
        Sinks #
        
        Transport assimilate from areas where it’s made = sources
        
        Materials moved to sinks
        
        Actively growing areas
        
        Storage areas
        
        Transport of Photosynthate - Assimilate/ photosynthate loaded into sieve tube elements with help of companion cells from source
        
        Sugars transported as sucrose
        
        Actively transported into sieve elements
        
        Decreases water potential of STE
        
        Creates a water potential gradient between sieve tube elements and surrounding cells
        
        Xylem and Phloem
        
        Phloem is always close to xylem
        
        Xylem has a much higher water potential than phloem
        
        Water moves from less negative water potential to more negative water potential
        
        Photosynthate moves by bulk flow to nearest/ strongest sink and is unloaded #
  - - - Components of Water Potential
        
        ψp - pressure potential; effect that pressure has on ψ; If water is under pressure, both pressure potential and water potential increase.
        
        Hydrostatic pressure exerted on water in a cell
        
        In turgid plant cells positive value
        
        Xylem cells negative pressure due to tension
        
        Water at atmospheric pressure has a pressure potential of zero
        
        ψπ - osmotic potential; effect that solutes have on ψ, adding solutes decreases water’s free energy, so ψπ is always negative.
        
        ψm - matric potential; adhesion to structures such as cell walls, membranes, and soil particles, adhesion can only decrease water’s free energy, so ψm is always negative.
        
        Adhesion of water molecules to nondissolved structures
        
        Example, soil particles
        
        Always negative
        
        Significant only outside living systems in very dry soils
- - - - Heterospory
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
      - Retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
      - Reduction # of megasporocytes/ megasporangium to 1
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
      - Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
      - Embryo develop within megagametophyte
    - - Flagellated Sperm
      - Pollen #
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        Dispersal no longer requires water
        
        Exine prevents desiccation
        
        Some with air bladders
        
        Transport by wind
      - Pollen Tubes
        
        Tubes feeding on nucellus
        
        Provide nutrients to developing sperm
        
        Can be a lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
        
        Direct Delivery of Sperm
        
        Direct delivery of sperm to the megagametophyte
        
        Pollen tube
        
        Directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
      - Reduced Prominence
        
        Angiosperm, 3-celled
        
        Tube cell
        
        Generative cell
        
        Microspore within microsporangium
        
        Mitosis within microspore wall
        
        Endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
    - - Gymnosperms
        
        Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
        
        Nested doll concept
        
        Integument
        
        Nucellus
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Archegonium
        
        Egg
        
        Integument (1)
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megasporangium
        
        Archegonium
        
        Eggs
      - Angiosperms
        
        2 integuments
        
        Megasporangium = nucellus
        
        Megasporocyte reduced to one
        
        Megaspore reduced to one and retained
        
        Megagametophyte = egg sac
        
        Furniculum
        
        Comparing and Contrasting: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
        
        Both single megasporocyte
        
        Both single megaspore
        
        1 integument, 2 integuments
        
        Unique to Angiosperm
        
        Additional protection from ovary wall
        
        Double fertilization
  - - - Endosperm
      - 3n triploid
      - One sperm fuses with polar nuclei
      - Zygote
      - 2n diploid
      - One sperm fuses with egg
      - Pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm
      - Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
      - Pollen tube grows down style
    - - Integument becomes seed coat
      - Several cotyledons
      - Some with fleshy outer layer (aril)
      - Pine example
  - - - One cotyledon = scutellum
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Corn example
      - Integuments become seed coat
    - - 2 cotyledons
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Integuments become seed coat
      - Bean example
- - - - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Androecium
      - 2+ whorls of anthers
      - Gynoecium
      - 5+ carpels
  - - - A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
      - Sepals, sterile
        
        Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
        
        Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
        
        Protect the flower bud as it develops.
        
        May be colorful.
        
        All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
      - Petals, sterile
        
        Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
        
        Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
        
        Attract pollinators.
        
        Collectively are a corolla.
        
        Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
        
        Absent in wind-pollinated species.
      - Stamens, male fx #
        
        Stamens occur above the petals.
        
        Are collectively the androecium.
        
        Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
        
        Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
        
        Microspores
        
        Undergo mitosis
        
        form a resistant cell wall
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen grains
      - Carpels, female fx
        
        Megasporophyll
        
        Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
        
        Stigma catches pollen grains.
        
        Style elevates the stigma.
        
        Ovary where megaspores are produced.
        
        Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
        
        After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds.
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
      - Incomplete Flowers
        
        Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
        
        Hermaphroditic = perfect
        
        Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
        
        Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
        
        Male = androecious
        
        Female = gynoecious
  - - - Color
      - Smell, organic volatiles
        
        Signal to pollinators
        
        Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
        
        Some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
        
        May have scent glands
      - Shape
        
        Floral symmetry
        
        Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric
        
        eg sunflower
        
        Zygomorphic
        
        Irregular
        
        Bilateral
        
        eg pea
      - Bloom time
        
        Diurnal
        
        Day time
        
        Nocturnal
        
        Night time
      - Rewards for Pollinators
    - - Abiotic
        
        Anemophily (Wind)
        
        Wind
        
        No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
        
        Small
        
        Most have no petals
        
        Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
        
        Large amount of pollen
        
        Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
        
        Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
        
        Hydrophily
        
        Water
        
        Copious pollen
        
        Small flowers
        
        Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
        
        Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
      - Biotic
        
        Melittophily (bee)
        
        Bee
        
        Full of nectar
        
        Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
        
        Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
        
        Open in daytime
        
        Provide landing platforms
        
        Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
        
        Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
        
        Psychophily (butterfly)
        
        Butterfly
        
        In clusters and provide landing platforms
        
        Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Nectar guides present
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
        
        Phalenophily (moth)
        
        Moth
        
        Many night pollinated species
        
        White
        
        Heavy scent
        
        Tubular corollas
        
        Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        Fly
        
        Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
        
        Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
        
        Putrid odor, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
        
        Nectar guides not present
        
        Produce pollen
        
        Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
        
        Saprophily, for carrion mimics
        
        Ornithophily (bird)
        
        Bird
        
        Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
        
        Have tubes, funnels, cups
        
        Strong supports for perching
        
        Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
        
        Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
        
        Chiropterophily (bat)
        
        Bat
        
        Open at night;
        
        Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
        
        Pale or white in color;
        
        Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor; and/or
        
        Copious dilute nectar.
        
        Cantharophily (beetle)
        
        Beetle
        
        Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
        
        White, to dull white or green
        
        Strongly fruity
        
        Open during the day
        
        Moderate nectar producers
        
        May be large solitary flowers (i.e. magnolias, pond lilies)
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
        
        Deception
        
        May look like pollinator
        
        May smell like pollinator
        
        Uses trickery
        
        Usually no reward
        
        Saprophily included
  - - - Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
      - Zygote develops in embryo
      - Integuments develop into a seed coat
      - Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
      - Fruit Formation
        
        Ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a fruit
        
        Ovary wall
        
        Pericarp
        
        Consists of...
        
        Exocarp
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
        
        Thickens and differentiations
        
        Exocarp
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
        
        Accessory Fruits
        
        Any fruit with accessory tissue
        
        Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
        
        Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
        
        Parthenocarpic Fruits
        
        Fruit development
        
        Without fertilization
        
        Without seed development
        
        Banana
        
        Seedless watermelon
        
        Simple Fruits
        
        Single carpel
        
        2+ united carpels
        
        Examples
        
        Bean
        
        Cherry
        
        Tomato
        
        Major fleshy types
        
        Berries
        
        Drupes
        
        Pomes
        
        Major dry types
        
        Dehiscent
        
        Indehiscent
        
        Aggregate Fruits
        
        Apocarpous gynoecium
        
        Carpel retains its identify in mature state
        
        Example
        
        Magnolias
        
        Raspberries
        
        Strawberries
        
        Multiple Fruits
        
        Derived from an inflorescence
        
        Combined gynoecia of many flowers
        
        Example
        
        Fig
        
        Mulberry
        
        Pineapple
    - - Wind
        
        Wings
        
        Parachutes
        
        Lightweight seeds
      - Water
        
        Buoyant
        
        Large airspaces
        
        Example coconut
      - Self - Gravity and explosion dispersal
      - Animal
        
        Passive
        
        Hooks
        
        Catch on fur
        
        Catch on hoof
        
        Velcro
        
        Active
        
        Fleshy
        
        Provide animal with nutrients
        
        Long-distance dispersal
        
        Seed pass through gut without harm
        
        Seeds are regurgitated later
        
        Ends up in a nice little pile of nutrient dense excrement
        
        Ants with elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)