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Exam 3, perianth # #, male reproductive part # # - Coggle Diagram

- - - - uses water potential to travel through the plant.
      - exits from the plant stomata
      - can allow water to travel through xylem and phloem
      - relatively high to low moisture levels
      - allows xylem to draw water directly from vein
      - water enters through roots hairs via osmosis
      - water travels through cells because the Casparian strip
      - water moves up through the plant by cohesion
      - water sticks to itself by adhesion
    - - moves from a source to a sink
      - water potential becomes more negative
      - sugar is moved as sucrose
      - csugar can move in either direction unlike water
      - actively transported to sieve tube elements
      - creates water potential with surrounding cells
      - increases osmotice concentration
  - - - osmotic pressure
        
        the effects of solute on H2O
        
        decreases water's free energy
        
        always a negative value
    - - the effects that pressure has on H2O
      - water potential increases as pressure increases
      - represented by p
    - - the effects of adhesions on water energy
      - will always be a negative value
      - adhesions are damages to cell walls, membranes, and soil particles
  - - - solution has more solute outside of the cell
      - H20 will flow out of cell
      - known as turgid
    - - the amount of solute is the same outside and within the cell
      - water can flow either direction
      - also known as flacid
    - - the cell has a higher concentration of solute
      - water flow into the cell
      - also known as plasmolyzed
- - - - evolved from gymnosperm nucleus apex
      - ovule on megasporophyll
      - 1 microsporocyte
      - pollen chamber
      - nesting doll
        
        integument
        
        nucellus
        
        megaspore wall
        
        megagametophyte
        
        archegonium
        
        egg
      - fleshy outside layer (aril)
      - integument becomes seed coat
    - - 2 integuments
      - megasporangium = nucellus
      - megasporocyte reduced to 1
      - megaspore reduced to one
      - furnucilum
      - megagametophyte = egg sac
      - pollen tube grows down style
      - generative cell divides into two sperm
      - one sperm goes to egg
      - one sperm goes to polar nuclei
      - Monocots
        
        one cotyledon
        
        integument becomes seed coat
        
        large amount of endosperm
      - Eudicots
        
        integument becomes seed coat
        
        2 cotyledons
        
        large amount of endosperm
  - - - lobate integuments
      - free from nucleus/sporangium
      - 8/10 lobes fused at chaza
    - - complete enclosure of sporangium within integument
      - increased protection
      - herbivory
      - desiccation
  - - - some species no longer needs water
      - pollen is a haploid male sex cell that does not need water
        
        exine prevents dessiciation
        
        air bladder allows movement through wind
        
        falls onto ovule
        
        eats through nucellus or style which is rich in nutrients
        
        nucellus is gymnosperm
        
        style is angiosperm
        
        then pollenination occurs
        
        can be a very lengthy process
        
        can take up to years
        
        falls down pollen tube & directed by synergids
        
        contains a generative cell & a tube cell
        
        microspore with microsporangium
        
        mitosis with microspore wall
        
        endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
  - - - 3 antipodals which can nutritve
      - 2 polar becomes endosperm
      - 2 synergids that guide pollen
      - 1 egg that becomes zygote
- - - - male part flower
      - 2 whorls of anthers
    - - female part flower
      - 5+ carpals
    - - likely herbaceous
      - likely aquatic
  - - - outermost appendage
      - protect flower buds as it develops
      - can be colorful
      - all sepals together = calyx
    - - located above sepals on receptacle
      - attract pollinators
      - contain pigments other than chlorophyll
      - collectively = corolla
      - absent in wind pollenated species
    - - above the petals
      - collectively known as androecium
      - 2 parts the anther & filament
      - contains microgametophyte (pollen)
      - meiosis occurs here with microsporocytes
      - microspores go under mitosis
    - - megasporophyll
      - collectively = gynoecium
      - stigma catches pollen
      - style elevates stigma
      - ovary is where megaspores are produced
        
        contains placenta baring structures =ovules
        
        after fertilization matures into seeds
    - - monoecius
        
        male flowers & female flowers on same plant
      - dioicous
        
        male flowrs on one plant & female on another
        
        male= androecious
        
        female = gynoecious
  - - - receptacle surrounds carpal
      - carpal is below
    - - example is lilies
      - perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
    - - perianth & stamen on receptacle below ovary
      - example is apple flower
    - - perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
      - example is cherry flower
  - - - certain colors attract certain pollinators
      - some are more attractive than others
      - can be UV & needs a resource
    - - signals to pollinators
      - uses own preference & sexual pheromones
      - some may have scent glands (roses)
      - Benzalhyde (almond)
      - Linalool (lavender)
      - Limonene (citrus)
      - Beta ocimene (green)
    - - actinomorphic
        
        radially symmetric
        
        example is sunflower
      - zygomorphic
        
        irregular
        
        bilateral
        
        example pea
    - - nectar
      - oil
      - pollen
    - - abiotic
        
        natural processes
        
        anemophily (wind)
        
        must have no petals
        
        no bright colors, odors, or nectar
        
        small
        
        stamens & stigmas(feathery) exposed
        
        large amounts of pollen (smooth & light)
        
        hydrophily (water)
        
        copious pollen
        
        small flowers
        
        long filaments for pollen transport
        
        oblong, heavier pollen for H2O transport
      - biotic
        
        Melittophily
        
        bee (cannot see red)
        
        full of nectar
        
        brightly colored petals usually blue or yellow
        
        provides platforms
        
        tubular with nectar at base of tube
        
        open in daytime
        
        often bilaterally
        
        processes from animals
        
        Psychophily
        
        butterfly
        
        ample nectar (deeply hidden)
        
        brightly colored (yellow, orange, red)
        
        in clusters & provide platforms
        
        nectar guides present
        
        daytime
        
        deception
        
        may look like a pollinator
        
        may smell like a pollinator
        
        no reward usually
        
        saprophilly
        
        Phalaenophily
        
        white
        
        moth
        
        many nighttime species
        
        heavy scent
        
        tubular corollas
        
        myophily
        
        fly
        
        pale and dark brown/purple
        
        sometimes flecked with translucent patches
        
        nectar guides not present
        
        putrid odor like rotting flesh & feces
        
        flowers are like funnel traps
        
        produces pollen
        
        ornithophily
        
        bird
        
        odorless (birds struggle with smell)
        
        tubular with petals that curve out of the way
        
        funnels, cups, and structures for perching
        
        modest pollen production
        
        open during the day
        
        a lot of nectar production, deeply hidden
        
        Chiropterphily
        
        bats
        
        open at night
        
        large in size
        
        pale or white in color
        
        large amounts of nectar
        
        very fragrant like fruits
        
        cantharophily
        
        beetle
        
        bowl shaped with sexual organs exposed
        
        white or green
        
        strongly fruity
        
        open during the day
        
        average nectar maker
        
        may be clusters of small flowers
        
        may be solitary flowers
    - - double fertilization
        
        Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
        
        Zygote develops in embryo
        
        Integuments develop into a seed coat
        
        Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
      - Ovary wall
        
        pericarp
        
        exocarp
        
        mericarp
        
        endocarp
      - Accessory fruits
        
        fruit with accessory tissue
        
        Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
        
        simple, aggregate or multiple
        
        simple
        
        single carpal
        
        2+ united carpals
        
        bean
        
        tomato
        
        cherry
        
        fleshy
        
        berries
        
        drupes
        
        pomes
        
        dry
        
        dehiscent
        
        indehiscent
        
        Aggregate
        
        Apocarpous gynoecium
        
        carpals keep identity
        
        magnoilas
        
        strawberries
        
        rasberries
        
        Multiple
        
        from an inflorescence
        
        Combined gynoecia of many flowers
        
        fig
        
        mulberry
        
        pineapple
      - Parthenocarpic fruits
        
        fruits development without fertilization or seed devlopment
        
        bananas
        
        watermelons
    - - wind
        
        wings
        
        parachutes
        
        lightweight seeds
      - self
        
        gravity
        
        exploding
      - water
        
        bouyant
        
        large airspaces
      - animal
        
        Active
        
        fleshy
        
        seed through digestive system
        
        far dispersal
        
        ends up in nutrient rich fertilizer
        
        inactive
        
        hooks
        
        catch on furs/ other things
        
        velcro