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Exam 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Seed ferns(extinct)
      - Gymnosperms (from progymnosperm - extinct)
      - Angiosperms
    - - Lobate Integuments
        
        Free from nucellus/megasporangium
      - Moresnetia zalesskyi
        
        8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely separated
        
        ~360 mya
    - - Complete enclosure of megasporangium within Integument
        
        Increased protection
        
        Dessication and herbivory
      - Stamnostoma huttonense (352 mya)
      - Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - Evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperms nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
      - Similar genes
    - - Heterospory
      - Protection
        
        Integuments
      - Pollen capture
        
        Pollem chamber and micropyle
      - Nucellus
  - - - Heteropory
      - Megasporangium enclosed In Integuments
      - Rentention of megaspores within megasporangium
      - Reduction number of megasporocytes/megasporangium to 1
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
      - Modification of megasporangium apex
        for microspores or microgametophytes
      - Embryo develop within megagametophyte
    - - Megaspores
        
        Megagametophytes
      - Microspores
        
        Microgametophytes
      - Found In some non-seed plants
    - - First Integument telomes
      - Second Integument phyllad origin
    - - Megasporocyte #
        
        Megaspore mother cell
        
        Reduced to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
    - - Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
      - 4 resulting daughter cells
      - 3 megaspores degenerate
      - 1 megaspore remains
    - - Reduced megaspores with other 3 aborted
      - Large megaspore retained Inside
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Megagametophyte retained Inside megaspore wall
      - Fertilization of egg occurs In wall
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Pollen chamber through programmed cell death
      - Micropyle
    - - Multicellular megagametophyte
      - Egg retained
      - After syngamy, embryo developes within
  - - - Gametophyte dominant stage In early land plants
      - Reduced over time
    - - Sperm development within antheridia
      - Sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
    - - Microgametophyte
      - Dispersal no longer requires water
      - Exine prevents desiccation
      - Some with air bladders that transport by wind
    - - Tubes feeding on nucellus
      - Provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - Can be a lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
    - - Direct delivery of sperm to the megagametophyte
      - Pollen tube
        
        Directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
  - - - Megasporangium Is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Nested doll
      - Integument (1)
      - Megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium
      - Archegonium
      - Eggs
      - Example: pine ovule
        
        Ovule on megasporophyll
        
        1 micosporocyte
        
        Pollen chamber
        
        Nesting doll
    - - 2 Integuments
      - Megasporangium = nucellus
      - Megasporocyte reduced to one
      - Megaspore reduced to one and retained
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
      - Furniculum
      - Example: lily ovule
        
        1 megasporocyte
        
        1 megaspore
        
        2 Integuments
        
        Embryo sac = megagametophyte
        
        8 nucleate
        
        3 antipodals - sometimes nutritive
        
        2 polar - becomes endosperm
        
        2 synergids - guide pollen tube
        
        1 egg - eventual zygote
    - - Both single megasporocyte
      - Both single megaspore
      - 1 Integument (Gymnosperm), 2 Integuments (Angiosperm)
      - Unique to angiosperm
        
        Additional protection from ovary wall
        
        Double fertilization
- - - - Based on molecular data
      - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls for petals
      - Androecium - 2+ whorls of anthers #
      - Gynoecium - 5+ carpels #
    - - Archaefructus sinensis
      - Likely herbaceous
      - Likely aquatic
      - 124.6 bya
    - - Amborellaceae
      - Amborella
      - Amborella trichopoda
      - New Caledonia
      - Dioecious (male & female plants)
      - Shrub
    - - Flowers Indefnite In number of parts ->
        flowers have few parts that are definite in number
      - Floral axis shortened
        
        Original spiral arrange no longer evident
        
        Floral parts often fused
      - Ovary superior -> Inferior
        
        Perianth has become differentiated In distinct calyx and corolla
      - Radial symmetry -> Irregularity
  - - - A flower Is a stem with leaf-like structures
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages
        
        Sepals, sterile #
        
        Petals, sterile #
        
        Stamens, male fx #
        
        Carpels, female fx #
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
    - - Sepals are the outermost floral appendage
      - Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts
      - Protect the flower bud as It develops
      - May be colorful
      - All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx
    - - Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle
      - Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll
      - Attract pollinators
      - Collectively are a corolla
      - Sepals and petals collectively are a periantj
      - Absent In wind-pollinated species
    - - Stamens occur above the petals
      - Are collectively the androecium
      - Two parts: anther and Its supporting filament
      - Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes)
        undergo meiosis to produce four microspores)
      - Microspores - undergo mitosis and form a resistant cell wall
      - Microgametophyte - pollen grains
    - - Megasporophyll
      - Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium
      - Stigma catches pollen grains
      - Style elevates the stigma
      - Ovary where megaspores are produced
      - Within the ovary are placentae
        bearing small structures called ovules
      - After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature Into seeds
  - - - Whorls Inserted relative to ovary
        
        Superior - carpel above #
        
        Inferior - carpel below with surrounding receptacle #
      - Perianth and stamen Insertion
        
        Hypogynous (lillies)
        
        Perianth and stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        
        Epigynous (apple flower)
        
        Perianth and stamens from top of ovary
        
        Perigynous (cherry flower)
        
        Perianth and stamens adnate to calyx
    - - Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
      - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
      - Dioecious = male flowers on plant,
        female flowers on different plant
        
        Male = androecious
        
        Female = gynoecious
    - - Inflorescence
      - Taxonomic Importance
      - Various ways to ensure cross pollination
  - - - Color #
      - Smell, organic volatiles #
      - Shape #
      - Bloom time #
      - Rewards (example: nectar) #
    - - Some colors are more attractive than others
      - Color requires resource
        
        Omit when necessary
      - Some are In the UV spectrum
    - - Signal to pollinators
      - Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
      - Some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
      - May have scent glands (roses)
    - - Floral symmetry
      - Actinomorphic (sunflower)
        
        Radially symmetric #
      - Zygomorphic (pea)
        
        Irregular and bilateral #
    - - Diurnal - day time
      - Nocturnal - night time
    - - Nectar, pollen, oil
  - - - Abiotic
        
        Anemophily (wind)
        
        Hydrophily (water)
      - Biotic
        
        Melittophily (bee)
        
        Psychophily (butterfly)
        
        Phalenophily (moth)
        
        Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        Ornithophily (bird)
        
        Chiropterophily (bat)
        
        Cantharophily (beetle)
    - - Wind
      - No bright colors, special, odors, or nectar
      - Small
      - Most have no petals
      - Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
      - Large amount of pollen
      - Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
      - Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
    - - Water
      - Copious pollen
      - Small flowers
      - Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
      - Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
    - - Bee
      - Full of nectar
      - Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or mixed (bees cannot see red) but can In UV
      - Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
      - Open In daytime
      - Provide landing platforms
      - Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of
        the flower Is a mirror Image of the other)
      - Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
    - - Butterfly
      - In clusters and provide landing platforms
      - Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
      - Open during the day
      - Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
      - Nectar guides present
      - May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - Moth
      - Many night pollinated species
      - White
      - Heavy scent
      - Tubular corollas
    - - Fly
      - Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
      - Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
      - Putrid order, like rotting meat, carrion,
        dung, humus, sap, and blood
      - Nectar guides not present
      - Produce pollen
      - Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
      - Saprophily, for carrion mimics #
    - - Bird
      - Tubular and have petals that are
        recurved to be out of the way
      - Have tubes, funnels, cups
      - Strong supports for perching
      - Brighly colored: red, yellow, or orange
      - Odorless (birds have poor sense of smell)
      - Open during the day
      - Prolific nectar produces with nectar deeply hidden
      - Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust
        the bird's head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
    - - Bat
      - Open at night
      - Large In size (1 to 3,5 Inches)
      - Pale or white In color
      - Very fragrant, a fermenting and/or fruit-like odor
      - Copious dilute nectar
    - - Beetle
      - Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
      - White, to dull white or green
      - Strongly fruity
      - Open during the day
      - Moderate nectar producers
      - May be large solitary flowers (magnolias, pond lillies)
      - May be clusters of small flowers (goldernrods, spirea)
    - - May look/smell like pollinator
      - Uses trickery
      - Usually no reward
      - Saprophily Included
  - - - Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
      - Zygote develops In embryo
      - Integuments develop Into a seed coat
      - Ovary wall and related structures develop Into fruit
    - - Ovary sometimes with other portions of
        flower or Inflorescence
      - Ovary wall
        
        Pericarp
        
        Thickens and differentiates - exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
    - - Any fruit with accessory tissue
      - Tissue besides the ovary Is Included In the fruit
      - Can be simple, aggregate, or multiple
    - - Fruit development
        
        Without fertilization and without seed development
      - Banana
      - Seedless watermelon
    - - Single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - Examples: bean, cherry, tomato
      - Major fleshy types: berries, drupes, pomes
      - Major dry types: deshiscent, Indehiscent
    - - Apocarpous gynoecium
      - Carpel retains Its Identity In mature state
      - Example: magnolias, raspberries, strawberries
    - - Derived from an Inflorescence
      - Combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - Examples: fig, mulberry, pineapple
  - - - Wind
      - Water
      - Animal (active or passive)
      - Self
    - - Wings
      - Parachutes
      - Lightweight seeds
    - - Buoyant
      - Large airspaces
      - Example: coconut
    - - Fleshy
      - Provide animal with nutrients
      - Long-distance dispersal
      - Seed pass through gut without harm
      - Seeds are regurgitated later
      - Ends up In a nice little pile of nutrient dense exretement
      - Ants with elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)
    - - Gravity
      - Exploding
    - - Hooks
      - Catch on fur
      - Catch on hoof
      - Velcro
- - - - Moves water from soil to atmosphere
      - Major Input of water cycle
    - - Potential for water to react or move due to Its polarity
      - Attracted to other substances
      - Lower potential when It's surrounded by Ions
    - - Based on the free energy of water
      - Water moves from less negative water potentials
        to areas of more negative water potentials
    - - Three components of water potential
        
        Pressure potential #
        
        Effect that pressure has
        
        If water Is under pressure, both pressure
        potential and water potential Increase
        
        Osmotic potential #
        
        Effect that solutes have
        
        Adding solutes decreases water's
        free energy, so It Is always negative
        
        Matric potential #
        
        Adhesion to structures such as cell
        walls, membranes, and soil particles
        
        Adhesion can only decrease water's
        free energy so It Is always negative
    - - Hydrostatic pressure exerted on water In a cell
      - In turgid plant cells, positive value
      - Xylem cells have negative pressure due to tension
      - Water at atmospheric pressure has a pressure potential of zero
    - - Difference between the solution and pure
        solvent resulted after adding solutes
    - - Adhesion of water molecules to nondissolved structures
      - Example: soil particles
      - Always negative
      - Significant only outside living systems In very dry soils
  - - - Stomate open shortly after daybreak and
        close at night and In times of stress
    - - Open stomata
      - Water evaporates from Intercellular spaces
      - Starts the domino effect of water potentials
    - - Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions
      - Root hairs greatly Increase surface area
    - - Casparian strip of root endodermis
      - Forces symplastic movement
      - Embolism Is an air pocket
        
        Completely makes tracheary element non-functional
    - - As H20 diffuses out of xylem In the leaves, cohesive forces pull H20 upward through the xylem, all the way from the roots
      - H20 In the uppermost tracheary elements
        must lift the weight of the entire H20 column
      - Tension Is on these molecules, and consequently,
        the pressure potential Is a negative number
    - - Cohesion due to water polarity
      - Adhesion along cell walls helps to fight gravity
  - - - Transport assimilate from areas where It's made = sources
      - Materials moved to sinks
        
        Actively growing areas
        
        Storage areas
    - - Sugars transported as sucrose
      - Actively transported Into sieve elements
      - Decreases water potential of sieve tube element
    - - Created a water potential gradient between
        sieve tube elements and surrounding cells
    - - Phloem Is always close to xylem
      - Xylem has a much higher water potential than phloem
      - Water moves from less negative water
        potential to more negative water potential
    - - Sucrose actively transported from sieve tube by companion cells
      - Sucrose Is stored as starch and used
        In metabolism (aerobic respiration)
    - - Water moves from root to atmosphere In a single direction
      - Assimilate moreves from source to closest sink