Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

EXAM 3, ψ = ψp + ψπ + ψm, Zygomorphic, Actinomorphic, 4-5 lobes fused…

- - - - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Bisexual
      - Based on molecular data
      - Androecium
        
        2+ whorls of anthers
      - Gynoecium
        
        5+ carpels
    - - Likely herbaceous
      - Likely aquatic
      - Archaefructus sinensis
      - 124.6bya
    - - Amborellaceae
      - Amborella
      - Amborella trichopoda
      - New Caledonia
      - Dioecious
        
        Male plants
        
        Female plants
      - Shrub
    - - Ovary superior → inferior
        
        Perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
      - Radial symmetry →irregularity
      - Floral axis shortened
        
        Original spiral arrange no longer evident
        
        Floral parts often fused
      - Flowers indefinite in number of parts →flowers have few parts that are definite in number
  - - - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
        
        Stamens, male fx
        
        Carpels, female fx
        
        Petals, sterile
        
        Sepals, sterile
      - A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.
    - - Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
      - Protect the flower bud as it develops.
      - May be colorful.
      - Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
      - All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
    - - Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
      - Attract pollinators.
      - Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
      - Collectively are a corolla.
      - Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
      - Absent in wind-pollinated species.
    - - Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
      - Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
      - Are collectively the androecium.
      - Stamens occur above the petals.
      - Microspores
        
        form a resistant cell wall
        
        Undergo mitosis
      - Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen grains
    - - Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
      - Stigma catches pollen grains.
      - Megasporophyll
      - Style elevates the stigma.
      - Ovary where megaspores are produced.
      - After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds.
      - Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
  - - - Whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        superior
        
        Carpel above
        
        inferior
        
        Receptacle surrounds carpel
        
        Carpel below
      - Perianth & stamen insertion
        
        Hypogynous
        
        Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        
        ex lilies
        
        Epigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
        
        ex apple flower
        
        Perigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        
        ex cherry flower
    - - Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
      - Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
        
        Female = gynoecious
        
        Male = androecious
      - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
    - - Taxonomic importance
      - Various ways to ensure cross pollination
      - Inflorescence
  - - - Smell, organic volatiles
        
        Signal to pollinators
        
        Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
        
        Some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
        
        May have scent glands
        
        eg roses
      - Shape
      - Color
        
        Some colors are more attractive than others
        
        Color requires resource
        
        Omit when unnecessary
        
        Some are in the uv spectrum
      - Bloom time
        
        Diurnal
        
        Day time
        
        Nocturnal
        
        Night time
      - Rewards, eg nectar
        
        Nectar
        
        Pollen
        
        Oil
  - - - Abiotic:
        
        Anemophily (wind)
        Hydrophily (water)
      - Biotic
        
        Melittophily (bee)
        
        Psychophily (butterfly)
        
        Phalenophily (moth)
        
        Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        Ornithophily (bird)
        
        Chiropterophily (bat)
        
        Cantharophily (beetle)
    - - Most have no petals
      - Wind
      - No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
      - Small
      - Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
      - Large amount of pollen
      - Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
      - Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
    - - Copious pollen
      - Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
      - Water
      - Small flowers
      - Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
    - - Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
      - Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
      - Full of nectar
      - Open in daytime
      - Bee
      - Provide landing platforms
      - Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
      - Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
    - - Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
      - Open during the day
      - In clusters and provide landing platforms
      - Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
      - Butterfly
      - Nectar guides present
      - May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - Moth
      - Many night pollinated species
      - White
      - Heavy scent
      - Tubular corollas
    - - Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
      - Putrid order, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
      - Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
      - Nectar guides not present
      - Fly
      - Produce pollen
      - Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
      - Saprophily, for carrion mimics
    - - Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
      - Strong supports for perching
      - Bird
      - Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
      - Have tubes, funnels, cups
      - Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
      - Open during the day
      - Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
      - Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
    - - Bat
      - Open at night;
      - Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
      - Pale or white in color;
      - Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odo
      - Copious dilute nectar.
    - - White, to dull white or green
      - Strongly fruity
      - Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
      - Open during the day
      - Beetle
      - Moderate nectar producers
      - May be large solitary flowers
      - May be clusters of small flowers
    - - May smell like pollinator
      - Uses trickery
      - May look like pollinator
      - Usually no reward
      - Saprophily included
  - - - Zygote develops in embryo
      - Integuments develop into a seed coat
      - Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
      - Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
    - - Ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a fruit
      - Ovary wall
        
        Pericarp
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
        
        Exocarp
        
        Thickens and differentiations
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
        
        Exocarp
    - - Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
      - Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
      - Any fruit with accessory tissue
    - - Banana
      - Fruit development
        
        Without fertilization
        
        Without seed development
      - Seedless watermelon
    - - 2+ united carpels
      - Examples
        
        Cherry
        
        Tomato
        
        Bean
      - Single carpel
      - Major fleshy types
        
        Drupes
        
        Pomes
        
        Berries
      - Major dry types
        
        Dehiscent
        
        Indehiscent
    - - Carpel retains its identify in mature state
      - Example
        
        Raspberries
        
        Strawberries
        
        Magnolias
      - Apocarpous gynoecium
    - - Combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - Example
        
        Mulberry
        
        Pineapple
        
        Fig
      - Derived from an inflorescence
    - - Syndromes
        
        Water
        
        Large airspaces
        
        Example coconut
        
        Buoyant
        
        Animal
        
        Active
        
        Long-distance dispersal
        
        Seed pass through gut without harm
        
        Provide animal with nutrients
        
        Seeds are regurgitated later
        
        Fleshy
        
        Ends up in a nice little pile of nutrient dense excrement
        
        Ants with elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)
        
        Passive
        
        Catch on fur
        
        Catch on hoof
        
        Hooks
        
        Velcro
        
        Wind
        
        Parachutes
        
        Lightweight seeds
        
        Wings
        
        Self
        
        Gravity
        
        Exploding
- - - - Seed ferns (extinct)
      - Gymnosperms
        
        Progymnosperms (extinct)
      - Angiosperms
    - - Elkinsia polymorpha
      - Late Devonian (W. Virginia)
      - Pseudosporogonites quadrapartitus
    - - Lobate integuments
      - Moresnetia zalesskyi
    - - Complete enclosure of megasporangium within integument
        
        Increased protection
        
        Herbivory
        
        Desiccation
        
        Stamnostoma huttonense
        
        Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - Evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
      - Similar genes
    - - Heterospory
      - Protection
        
        Integuments
      - Pollen capture
        
        Micropyle
        
        Pollen chamber
      - Nucellus
  - - - Heterospory
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
      - Retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
      - Reduction # of megasporocytes/ megasporangium to 1
      - Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
      - Embryo develop within megagametophyte
    - - Megaspores
        
        Megagametophyte
      - Microspores
        
        Microgametophyte
      - Found in some non-seed plants
    - - First integument telomes
      - Second integument phyllad origin
    - - Megasporocyte
        
        Reduced to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
        
        Megaspore mother cell
    - - Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
      - 3 megaspores degenerate
      - 4 resulting daughter cells
      - 1 megaspore remains
    - - Reduced megaspores with other 3 aborted
      - Extra layer of protection
      - Large megaspore retained inside megasporangium
    - - Megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
      - Fertilization of egg occurs in wall
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Pollen chamber
        
        Through programmed cell death
      - Micropyle
    - - Multicellular megagametophyte
      - Egg retained
      - After syngamy, embryo develops within
  - - - Reduced over time
      - Gametophyte dominant stage in early land plants
    - - Sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
      - Sperm development within antheridia
    - - Dispersal no longer requires water
      - Microgametophyte
      - Exine prevents desiccation
      - Some with air bladders
        
        Transport by wind
    - - Provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - Tubes feeding on nucellus
      - Can be a lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
    - - Direct delivery of sperm to the megagametophyte
      - Pollen tube
        
        Directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
    - - Angiosperm, 3-celled
        
        Generative cell
        
        Tube cell
      - Microspore within microsporangium
      - Mitosis within microspore wall
      - Endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
  - - - Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Integument (1)
      - Megaspore wall
      - Nested doll
      - Megasporangium
      - Eggs
      - Archegonium
      - Example: Pine Ovule
        
        Ovule on megasporophyll
        
        Nesting doll
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Nucellus
        
        Archegonium
        
        Integument
        
        Egg
        
        Pollen chamber
        
        1 microsporocyte
    - - 2 integuments
      - Megasporocyte reduced to one
      - Megaspore reduced to one and retained
      - Megasporangium = nucellus
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
      - Furniculum
      - Example: Lily Ovule
        
        1 megasporocyte
        
        2 integuments
        
        1 megaspore
        
        Embryo sac = megagametophyte
        
        8 nucleate
        
        2 polar
        
        Becomes endosperm
        
        2 synergids
        
        Guide pollen tube
        
        3 antipodals
        
        Sometimes nutritive
        
        1 egg
        
        Eventual zygote
    - - Both single megaspore
      - 1 integument, 2 integuments
      - Both single megasporocyte
      - Unique to Angiosperm
        
        Double fertilization
        
        Additional protection from ovary wall
  - - - Increased independence from free water reproduction
      - Enabling advanced reproductive traits
      - Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - Embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
    - - Some with fleshy outer layer (aril)
      - Several cotyledons
      - Pine example
      - Integument becomes seed coat
    - - Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
      - Pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm
      - Pollen tube grows down style
      - One sperm fuses with egg
        
        Zygote
        
        2n diploid
      - One sperm fuses with polar nuclei
        
        Endosperm
        
        3n triploid
    - - Large amount of endosperm
      - One cotyledon = scutellum
      - Corn example
      - Integuments become seed coat
    - - Large amount of endosperm
      - Integuments become seed coat
      - 2 cotyledons
      - Bean example
- - - - Moves water from soil to atmosphere
      - Major input of water cycle
    - - Potential for water to react or move
      - polarity
      - Attracted to other substances
      - Lower potential when it’s surrounded by ions
    - - Based on the free energy of water
      - Water moves from less negative water potentials to areas of more negative water potentials
      - Components
        
        Three components of water potential
  - - - Follows relatively high to low moisture level
      - Water movement from soil to atmosphere
      - From less negative to more negative water potential
      - Transpiration stream
    - - Stomata open shortly after daybreak
      - Close at times of stress
      - Close at night
    - - Open stomata
      - Water evaporates from intercellular spaces
      - Starts the domino effect of water potentials
    - - Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions
      - Root hairs greatly increase surface area
    - - Forces symplastic movement
      - Casparian strip of root endodermis
      - Embolism is an air pocket
    - - As H2O diffuses out of xylem in the leaves, cohesive forces pull H2O upward through the xylem, all the way from the roots.
      - H2O in the uppermost tracheary elements must lift the weight of the entire H2O column.
      - Tension is on these molecules, and consequently, the pressure potential is a negative number.
    - - Cohesion due to water polarity
      - Adhesion along cell walls helps to fight gravity
  - - - Materials moved to sinks
        
        Storage areas
        
        Actively growing areas
      - Transport assimilate from areas where it’s made = sources
    - - Sugars transported as sucrose
      - Decreases water potential of STE
      - Actively transported into sieve elements
    - - Creates a water potential gradient between sieve tube elements and surrounding cells
    - - Phloem is always close to xylem
      - Xylem has a much higher water potential than phloem
      - Water moves from less negative water potential to more negative water potential
    - - Sucrose actively transported from sieve tube
      - By companion cells
      - Stored as starch
      - Used in metabolism
        
        Aerobic respiration