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The surprisingly long history of electric cars, Why Tokyo Is Insanely Well…
The surprisingly long history of electric cars
History of car types
steam-powered car
gas-powered boilers
lug
around extra water to refuel( tha lôi)
wait 30 minutes for your engine to heat up
gasoline- powered car
internal
combustion
engines
emitted loud noises
foul-smelling
exhaust
while driving
battery-powered electric vehicle
clean + quiet to run
easy to refuel overnight
problems
Early car batteries-
expensive
inefficient
a high
upfront
cost
save their drivers money in the long run
reduced
vibration
internal combustion engines
ruled
the roads
Why
plug-in electric vehicles
so popular?
regulatory
mandates
(lệnh điều chỉnh) --> to reduce smog- caused by car emissions
Tesla Motors -
grabbing
the attention of consumers +
automakers
can
accelerate
much faster than gas-powered sports cars (tăng tốc)
Soon, electric cars will
reclaim their place
on the road
Why Tokyo Is Insanely Well Designed
Shinjuku Station
shooting trains - travel to different district within minutes
the blueprint of Shinjuku station- the busiest Public Transportation Hub
shining Beacon of Tokyo
envious
and
ambitious
infrastructure
unmatched masterpiece
Population
Tokyo- the biggest
megacity
never-ending movement
city planners
tons of vending machines
Public Transport/ Transit
left the car as a means of transport in the dust
the average car ownership per household in Tokyo is below 1
the long hours spent navigating infamous road congestion if using cars
winding + overlapping roads
speed restrictions
unpredictable roadblocks
Technology
it's not alien technology
the maintenance- taking through daily
the mandatory inspection
minor damages are fixed - even dismantling
parts are tested for
malfunction
before they're cleaned and put back together
unforeseen damages that cause downtimes are therefore virtually non-existent
How the world's longest underwater tunnel was built
the English Channel History
Flanked
by two powerful European nations
the most important
maritime passages
(tuyến hàng hải)
dangerous crossing
rocky
shores
stormy weather
previous plans for
spanning
the gap
artificial islands
submerged
tubes
suspended from
floating platforms( tàu ngầm được treo)
an
underwater
passage more than twice the length of any existing tunnel
How is the last proposal feasible?
The invention of the tunnel
boring
machine( make a hole in something using a tool)
the discovery of a
stable layer
below the seabed
Obstacles
Britons viewed their
geographic isolation
as a
strategic advantage
fears about French invasion --> shut down the plan
The progress
after 100 years -> the initial
excavation
proceed with
private funding
it was invested to became the most expensive infrastructure project
to date
small cracks let water
seep into
the rock
engineers had to develop
waterproof
boring machines
water flooded in through
undetected
fissures
.
use
mortar
to
seal
the cracks
To maintain this delicate
trajectory
--> the borers employed:
satellite positioning systems
paleontologists
who used excavated fossils to confirm they were at the right depth
laying over a hundred miles of
tracks
,
cables
, and sensors
Structure
three separate tunnels
one for trains to France
one for trains to England
one service tunnel between them
alongside
crossover chambers
emergency passages
air
ducts
(ống dẫn)
