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starch metabolism, introduction of starch - Coggle Diagram
starch metabolism
core pathway of starch biosynthesis
AGPase Reaction (First Step in Starch Synthesis)
Produces ADPGlc (Precursor for Starch Synthases)
AGPase Structure and Types in Plants
Heterotetrameric AGPase Enzyme
Two Large (AGP-L)
Two Small (AGP-S) Subunits
Plastidial AGPase
Cytosolic and Plastidial Isoforms in Cereal Endosperms
maize
cereals
Single Gene Produces Both Plastidial and Cytosolic AGP-S Subunits
Differential Splicing for Localization
elongation of glucose chain by starch synthesis
enzyme starch synthtase
amylose synthesis
GBSSII
GBSSI
amylopectin synthesis
SSI
SSII
SSIII
SSIV
organ sepecific isoform
potato
barely
Branching of glucane chain by starching branching enzyme
enzyme SBE
SBE-I
SBE-II
The role of debranching enzyme in polymer synthatase
enzyme isoamylases
isoamylase type
pullulinase type
glucane trimming model
clearing role model
Post-translational modifications of starch
metabolic enzymes
protein phosphorylation
starch metabolism
wheat endosperm
dephosphorylation
amyloplast
starch granules
SBE-1A
SBE-IIb
formation of multiprotein complex
starch polymer synthesis
protein protein interaction
sequence of complete genome
rice
arabidopsis
pleotropic effect
isomylase type DBE
pullalanase type DBE
process of starch and degradation
Redox modulation
Redox regulation affects enzymes in various tissues
leaves
endosperms
Inactivation and activation of enzymes occur in response
sugar
metabolic conditions.
light
specific modulation examples
enzymes like pullulanase-type DBEs and β-amylase are also modulated by redox changes.
Redox control impacts starch synthesis and degradation.
AGPase in potato tubers is redox-modulated in response to sucrose availability.
Redox modulation of AGPase, linked to sucrose levels and regulated via disulfide bonds.
Fine control of starch metabolic pathways
1.pathway of starch synthesis and degradation in plastid
Involves coordination of metabolic enzymes in plastids.
Regulation is poorly understood but involves complex interactions.
occur in different plant tissues
Allosteric modulation of metabolites
AGPase are regulated by effectors
Pi inhibits.
3-PGA activates.
Differences in sensitivity between plastidial AGPase in dicots vs. monocots.
Regulation varies by tissue type and location (e.g., chloroplasts vs. cytosol).
introduction of starch
synthesized in leaves
degraded at night
act as carbon source
02 types of glucose polymer
amylopectin
highly branched
amylose
unbranched
starch metabolic enzymes
choloroplast
amyloplast
insoluble polymer of glucose
types of starch based tissues
transient starch
synthesized in leaves
seed storage starch
long term carbon storage
tuber starch
store carbon
Asembly of functional miltiprotein complexes
gene expression and localization
post translational modification of enzymes