Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

ENVL 1100 Chapters: 5-9, Reasons, Management, Productive, Common-pool…

- - - - Primary Producers :herb:
        
        Primary Consumers :mouse2:
        
        Secondary Consumers :frog:
        
        Tertiary Consumers :snake:
        
        Quaternary Consumers :eagle:
        
        Consumers
        
        Heterotrophs
        
        1 more item...
        
        Photosynthesis :seedling:
        
        Producers
        
        Autotrophs
        
        Chemotrophs
        
        Producers use inorganic molecules to gain energy for survival
        
        Produce organic compounds to survive
    - - Soil Formation
      - Pollination
      - Raw Materials
      - Water Supply
    - - two major factors
        
        CLIMATE
        
        VEGITATION
      - (cluster of ecosystems)
      - areas that differ from overall biomes
        
        "microclimate"
  - - - Detritus
        
        Aquatic
        
        Wetland
        
        Terrestrial
        
        :small_red_triangle:
        
        Organism only gain 10% of consumed organism's energy
        
        100,10,1,1/10
        
        :small_red_triangle_down:
        
        Organisms gain 10 times of the consumed organism's energy
        
        1/10,1,10,100
        
        :red_cross:
        
        begins with decomposing organic material (carcasses)
    - - requirements
        
        Abiotic factors unaltered or can be returned to original state
        
        Viable populations formerly inhabiting ecosystem must still exist
  - - - Transition of one biotic community to another
      - Primary
        
        Area locking plants and soils is initially invaded by plants when soil forms
      - Secondary
        
        Area cleared by disturbances and then reinvaded by plants and animals from other ecosystems
      - Aquatic
        
        Soil particles eroded from land or plant detritus build up in ponds or lakes, eventually filling them
    - - Yellowstone Fires (1988)
    - - "Point of no return"
- - - - Value for humans
        
        Food/Raw materials
        
        Sources of medicine
        
        Recreational
        
        Wild genes, banking genes. new plants/crops, wood
        
        Anthropocentrism
        
        humankind is of central importance
    - - Value for own sake
        
        Biocentrism
        
        All living things equal moral consideration and value
        
        Ecocentrism
        
        Places value on nature and ecosystem as a whole, rather than on humans or human interests
      - Aldo Leopold :book:
      - Religious Support
        
        Hinduism :elephant: :monkey:
  - - - Invasive Species
      - Pollution
        
        Types of Pollution
        
        Chemical
        
        Biological
        
        Physical
        
        Lights/Noise
        
        Pathogens/Parasites
        
        Pesticides/Industrial Waste
      - Habitat Destruction
      - Population (humans)
        
        Examples
        
        Habutat conversions for use
        
        Conversion
        
        Fragmentation :cityscape:
        
        Simplification :tractor:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Direct Use
        
        Competition
        
        Pollution
      - Over-exploitation
        
        overharvesting
        
        Consequences
        
        Loss of ecosystem services
        
        Keystone Species
        
        Ecotourism
        
        1 more item...
      - Conservation
        
        Laws and Acts
        
        Hunting Conservation
        
        International Efforts
        
        Biodiversity Hotspots
        
        Pine Barrens
        
        IUCN
        
        :turkey:
        
        Endangered Species Act
        
        Zoological Conservation
- - - - 10.7% is cropland
    - - 95% open ocean
    - - Preservation
      - Maximum Sustainability Yield (MSY)
        
        Highest possible rate of use system can match with own rate of replacement/maintenance
        
        Air Quality
        
        Soil
        
        Parks
        
        Optimal Population
        
        Precautionary Principle
        
        potential harm
    - - Restoration Ecology
        
        Under Pressure
        
        primarily forests and marine ecosystems
        
        rainforests
        
        Coral Reef Bleaching
        
        Whaling :whale2:
        
        Mangroves
        
        Bottom trawling
        
        nets on ocean floor to capture fish
        
        Forest Resource Assessment
        
        Protection and Restoration
        
        Wilderness
        
        Greatest Protection (1st)
        
        190 million acres (4%)
        
        National Parks/ Wildlife Refuges
        
        (2nd) greatest protection
        
        84-96 million acres
        
        Natural Forests
        
        (3rd) 740 million acres. 2/3 is managed for commercial timber
        
        Non-federal lands
        
        (4th) greatest protection
        
        land trusts
- - - - Poverty Cycle
        
        Poverty
        
        overuse or resources for survival
        
        Environmental Degredation
        
        more "little hands"
        
        High Fertility
        
        1 more item...
      - Population Growth
        
        Equation
        
        I =P x A x T
        
        I = Impact
        
        P = Population
        
        A = Affluence
        
        1 more item...
    - - k species
    - - S Curve
      - Problems with Rapid Population Growth
        
        Employment Rates
        
        Disease/healthcare/sanitation
        
        Houselessness
        
        Food Insecurity
        
        Resource Depletion
        
        Poor access to contraceptive
        
        puberty at young age
        
        Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
        
        Decrease = <2
        
        Increase = >2
        
        Stable = 1
        
        Graying = 1
        
        Land Development
        
        land ownership by wealthy
        
        Environmental Footprint
        
        Estimate of amount of land/ocean required to provide resources and absorb wastes
    - - Neolithical Revolution
        
        Industrial Revolution
        
        Medical Revolution
        
        Green Revolution
        
        Environmental Revolution
        
        present
        
        Robotics/nano-tech
        
        After WWII
        
        Agrochemicals/crop breeding
        
        1800s
        
        medicines/vaccines
        
        1760-1840
        
        factories/machines
        
        12,000 years ago
        
        birth of agriculture
    - - Economic
        
        Affordable Housing
        
        Hire locally
        
        Healthcare
        
        Incentives for jobs
        
        taxation
        
        Better sanitation/clean water
        
        Stable Leadership
        
        Old age security
        
        distribution of wealth
      - Public Policies
        
        Access to contraceptives/ vaccines/medicine
        
        1 Child Policy
        
        Tax incentive or subsidies
        
        Better education for women/children
      - Both
  - - - Phase I
        
        Phase II
        
        Phase III
        
        Phase IV
        
        Japan
        
        Low/Very low birthrate, very low death rate
        
        India
        
        Birth rate approaching replacement (2.1)
        
        Iraq
        
        Declining birth and death rates
        
        High birth rate, fluctuating death rate
        
        Uganda
      - How do countries move quickly through demographic transitions?
        
        Speed up economic development
        
        Concentration on population policies
- - - - Consequences of Deforestation
        
        reduced biodiversity
        
        reduction in nutrients
        
        Alters hydrology
        
        clear cutting
- - - - Aquaculture
        
        farming of aquatic organisms
        
        :shrimp:
        
        :fish: