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Concept Map of Ch.5-8 Group member: Tyra P, Anjurey M, Angie T.** - Coggle…
Concept Map of Ch.5-8 Group member: Tyra P, Anjurey M, Angie T.**
Chapter 5: The Working Cell
Membrane Structure and Function
Membranes are fluids mosaics of lipids and proteins w/ many function
Fluid Mosaic Model: Fluid phospholipid bilayer & Mosaic of diverse proteins
Connection: Phospholipids spontaneously self-assemble on to simple membranes
Proteins perform various functions
Transport: Passive doesn't need energy
Osmosis: water + selectively permeable membrane
Hydrophobic = nonpolar (
diffuse across
)
Hydrophilic = polar or charged substances do not
Transport Pt.2: Active Transport requires energy
2 vesicle-based mechanisms: Exocytosis & Endocytosis
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Chemical reaction either release or store
Exergonic reactions release energy & Endergonic reactions require energy
Metabolism, Metabolic pathway & Energy coupling
ATP powers nearly all forms of cellular work.
III. How enzymes function
Protein catalysts & activation energy
Having feedback inhibition helps regulate metabolism
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Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
C
ellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvesting of Energy
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life
• Life requires energy
• Almost all ecosystems, energy from the sun
• How?
• In photosynthesis some energy in the sunlight captured by chloroplasts,
• atoms of carbon dioxide and water are rearranged,
• sugar and oxygen are produced.
• In cellular respiration,
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Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
• Stage 1: Glycolysis
• Location: cytosol
• Breaks down glucose into two molecules of a three-
carbon compound called pyruvate.
• Input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
• Output: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
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FERMENTATION: ANAEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen
• Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen.
• Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells, yeasts, and certain bacteria produce ATP by glycolysis.
• NAD+ is recycled from NADH as pyruvate is reduced to
• lactate (lactic acid fermentation) or
• alcohol and CO2 (alcohol fermentation).
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth
•
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cells of nearly all organisms and is thought to have evolved in ancient prokaryotes.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration
• You obtain most of your calories as
• carbohydrates (such as sucrose and other
disaccharide sugars and starch, a polysaccharide),
• fats, and
• proteins.
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Tyra P.
Angie T.
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
autotrophs; production of their own food
photoautotrophs; uses photosynthesis
heterotrophs; consumes organisms for fuel
decomposers; break down organisms, to use in ecosystem
photosynthesis occurs in the leaf
mesophyll
; contains chloroplasts which conduct photosynthesis
chloroplast
; conducts photosynthesis w/ the help of organelles found inside
grana
; groups of thylakoids
chlorophyll
; green pigment in leaves, takes in light energy
thylakoid
; reactions using light in photosynthesis occur here
stroma
; fluid-filled space in chloroplast
stomata
; pores that allow CO2 to enter, causing O2 to exit
light reactions
occur in thylakoids
make ATP & NADPH
calvin cycle
occur in stroma
carbon fixation
redox process, similar to cellular respiration
photosynthesis; H2O oxidized, CO2 reduced
cellular respiration: glucose oxidized, H2O reduced
The Light Reactions Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
light = electromagnetic energy = electromagnetic radiation
wavelengths of light determine amount of energy
light is pigmented, these pigments drive the light reaction in photosynthesis
light energy travels through photons
Photosystems; capture solar energy
reaction center complex
photons are converted into chemical energy
light harvest complex
captures light efficiently
The Calvin Cycle: Reducing CO2 to Sugar
reduction
release of G3P
carbon fixation
regeneration of RuBP
C3 plants & photorespiration (hot, dry climates)
C4 plants
spatial
separation w/ bundle sheath cells
not as efficient, but not as much H2O loss
CAM plants
temporal
separation w/ CAM to fix carbon
least efficient, least H2O loss
Global Significance of Photosynthesis
provides food and oxygen for almost every living organism
greenhouse effect
greenhouse gasses keep the earths heat, an increased amnt of greenhouse gasses causes the earth to get too warm, causing global warming
Anjurey M, Tyra P. Angie T.
Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and inheritance
Cell Division And Reproduction
Cell division plays many important roles in the lives of organisms
Cell division plays many important roles in the lives of organisms
• Cell division
• Asexual reproduction
•
Sexual reproduction
Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
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Meiosis And Crossing Over
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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Chromosome (packed DNA) & Chromatin (unpacked DNA). Chromatids (copy of chromosome) & Centromere ("handles" of chromosomes)
The rate of cell division:
Nutrition, Growth factor (PDGF), Density-dependent, & Anchrage-dependent
Connection: Growing out of control
Cancer - Tumors, Malignant & Metastasis
Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure
nondisjunction; an error in meiosis
karyotype
white blood cells
stimulated to grow
arrested at metaphase
isolated
photographed under microscope
chromosomes arranged into pairs to detect abnormalities
trisomy 21
most common form of down syndrome, an extra chromosome 21
nondisjunction of sex chromosome
s
Klinefelter syndrome
[extra X chromosome in male]
Turner syndrome
missing X chromosome in female
alterations to chromosomes that cause birth defects
duplication
inversion
deletion
translocation
polyploids; more than two sets chromosomes
Anjurey M.