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Chapter 7, Chapter 6, Chapter 5, chapter 8 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Leaf
        
        Mesophyll
        
        Stomata
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Stroma
        
        Thylakoid
        
        Grana
        
        Chlorophyll
    - - Oxidation-reduction process
      - H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced
      - Cellular respiration
        
        Glucose is oxidized and H2O is reduced
  - - - Wavelength
      - Photon
    - - Reaction-center complex
      - Light harvesting complexes
  - - - reduction
        
        release of G3P
        
        regeneration of RuBP
    - - Then G3P --> glucose and other organic molecules
    - - C3 plant
        
        Photorepiration
      - C4 Plant
        
        Spatial seperation w/bundle sheath cells
        
        Less efficient less H2O loss
      - CAM plant
        
        Temporal seperation w/ crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to fix carbon
        
        Least efficient
        
        least H2O loss
  - - - some heat escapes into space
      - heat absorbed by greenhouse gases radiated back to earth
      - solar radiation warms planet
- - - - in cytosol
      - breaks down glucose into two molecules
  - - - in mitocondria
        
        oxidizes pyruvate
  - - - transfers electrons from donors
- - - - lactate
      - alchohol and CO2
- - - - fluid phospholipid biayer
      - mosaic of diverse proteins
      - plasma membrane has selective permeability
    - - osmosis
        
        water + selectively permeable membrane
        
        if embrace is not permeable to solute, water moves
      - Tonicity
        
        hypertonic
        
        cells shrink
        
        hypotonic
        
        cells swells
        
        isotonic
        
        depends on cell type
      - Osmoregulation
        
        Hypotonic solution
        
        lower solute levels
        
        normal
        
        isotonic solution
        
        equal level
        
        lysed
        
        hypertonic solution
        
        higher solute levels
        
        shriveled
    - - hydrophobic (non polar substances diffuse across
      - hydrophilic (polar or charged) substances do not
      - Rh antigens= transmembrane proteins
      - Facilitated diffusion
        
        no energy (ATP) needed
      - Active transport
        
        costs energy (usu. ATP)
        
        Moves solute against concentration gradient
      - 2 vesicle based mechanisms
        
        exocytosis
        
        endocytosis
        
        phagocytosis
        
        receptor mediated endocytosis
  - - - Kinetic energy
        
        thermal energy
      - potential energy
      - thermodynamics
        
        system
        
        surroundings
        
        isolated vs open
        
        law's of thermodynamics
        
        1st law of energy conservation: energy can change form. but cannot be created or destroyed
        
        2nd law: energy transfers or transformations increase disorder, or entropy with some energy being lost as heat
    - - exergonic reactions
        
        release energy
      - endergonic reactions
        
        require energy and yield products rich in potential energy
      - metabolism
      - metabolic pathway
      - energy coupling
      - ATP powers nearly all forms of cellular work
        
        Phosphorylation drives work
  - - - Protein catalysts
- - - - trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
      - turner syndrome
      - Klinefelter syndrome
      - polyploid organisms
        
        extra chromosomes of everything
      - haploid organism
        
        23 chromosomes
      - diploid organisms
        
        46 chromosomes
  - - - asexual reproduction
      - sexual reproduction
      - binary fission
  - - - prophase
      - prometaphase
      - metaphase
      - anaphase
      - telophase
        
        cytokenisis
        
        cleavage furrow
        
        cell plate
    - - environmental factors
        
        nutrition
        
        growth factors
        
        PDGF
        
        density dependent
        
        anchorage dependent
      - cancer
        
        tumors
        
        maligant
        
        metastasis
  - - - somatic cells
        
        Homologous chromosomes
        
        locus
        
        diploid
      - Gametes
        
        haploid
    - - reduces the chromosomes from diploid to haploid
        
        Meiosis I 1st division
        
        Meiosis II 2nd division
      - Interphase
        
        G1
        
        S
        
        G2
      - Prophase 1
        
        crossing over
      - metapase 1
        
        independent assortmment
      - anaphase 1
        
        sister chromatids stay together
      - telophase 1
        
        cleavage furrow
      - prophase 2
      - metaphase 2
      - anaphase 2
      - telophase 2
        
        cytokinesis
      - genetic variation
        
        random fertilization
        
        independent assortment
        
        2n x 2n