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Interwar Dictatorships - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The Great depression
        
        Hit Japan very hard
        
        Growing population, stressed limited natural resources
        
        They had the imperialist example of the Western Powers - could acquire territory and resources through expansion into China and Korea
        
        Protectionist policies in the West - unfavourable trade balance - creates a state of crisis
      - Rice riot 1919
    - - gap between rich and poor widens
      - Kodo Ha imperial way ( group of generals wanting to remove all civilian politicians and stage an army revolution) vs Tosei Ha control group (army should lead Japanese lives but opposed the idea of challenging the emperor)
    - - Came out of the war in good economic shape
      - Japan able to capture western markets in Asia
    - - despite the appearance of a parliamentary government and a diet the army answered to the emperor
        
        Army was the real power in Japan
  - - - Militarism
      - aggressive foreign policy
    - - Various patriotic societies in the 1930s that used terror and assassination for those it deemed unpatriotic.
      - The army rarely involved itself in these actions or sought prosecution for perpetrators. though sometimes allowed trials of unpatriotic offenders to take place.
      - No strong tradition of democracy
    - - emperor Hirohito was revered and given divine status - all Japanese pledged themselves to the emperor
      - schools, the media and patriotic societies - unquestioning loyalty to the emperor
      - Japanese values - service, respect ,patriotism & unquestioning obedience were promoted. western values and ideas suppressed
    - - owed power and loyalty to the emperor
      - military oligarchy
      - autocratic bureaucracy
    - - 1937 Full scale invasion of Manchuria
- - - - Russia's involvement WWI had seen the economy collapse, loss of morale and questioning of the role of the tsar
      - Desertion in the army increased as morale lowered
      - Provisional government continued the war effort after the October revolution
      - More people were demanding for change in system, calling out the provisional government to be overturned by more radical parties such as the bolsheviks
    - - Russia lagged behind countries in Western Europe as the Industrial revolution started, this also gave birth to many revolutionary political ideals, giving birth to a huge wave a marxism throughout all of Europe
      - When the Bolsheviks took power in 1917 they promised to make life better in Russia. They promised this as they would take full ownership of economic planning in which the government guided the economy to prevent individual business growth
      - In their view economic planing would create a more stable and productive economy that took care of everyone's interests rather than the interests of the wealthy few
    - - The Bolsheviks wanted to destroy the power and privilege of the wealthy classes to help improve the lives of the working and agricultural class
    - - July days created unrest in the Provisional Government
      - PG kept Russia in the War
      - PG had little political strength, and no military strength as seen when Kerensky the leader of the provisional government had to rely on his enemies the Bolsheviks. This happened during the Kornilov revolt when a coup was staged by general Kornilov against the PG, and kerensky had to call on the Bolsheviks to protect him and the PG, Kornilovs men would refuse to fight the Bolsheviks and the coup was stopped
  - - - When Kerensky asked for the Bolsheviks help it put them in an advantageous position to call in favours and attack the PG from the inside
      - As stated later one of the most significant moments in the history of the Soviets time in power was Stalins rise to power. with both Stalins position in the office, and persuading Trotsky to do things that would make him appear bad (Such as missing Lenin's funeral) Stalin took control easily.
    - - Red Army
        
        Trotsky would use the 'Red Army' to help accomplish many things for the bolsheviks, Particularly help defend Kerensky's PG and join and win the civil war effort. Kornilov's army would refuse to fight the red army as it comprised of middle class workers who they empathised with
        
        Stalin used the NKVD as a terror method to help maintain his power. The NKVD would very often target 'Enemies of the State' and execute them. Many people feared the NKVD and it would seemingly keep people in line
    - - Trotsky
        
        Trotsky was Lenin's right hand man, he was a great military strategist and greatly helped the Bolsheviks to win the civil war. He would be the supposed successor of Lenin, if not for Stalin's deceitfulness, and manipulation
      - Lenin
        
        Lenin was a highly influential leader in the Bolshevik party, and was its most important member politically. Lenin was revered by the working class as a true leader who could bring equality to Russia. One of Lenin's most famous speeches includes the terms "Peace, Land and Bread". He was the forefront of the Bolsheviks and paved there way to taking control
      - Stalin
        
        Through deception and manipulation Stalin, to most peoples surprise, became the successor of Stalin over Trotsky. This was done through giving Trotsky wrong information about Lenin's funeral, and his own position in the party where he can make a 100% impact on the votes
    - - Under Stalin
        
        Stalin had complete control over the propaganda. This would help establish Stalins 'cult of personality'. Stalin became revered as someone above the rest of the population as a saviour. everyone would have photos of Stalin in their rooms. Stalin through propaganda would also spread misinformation about events to make him seem better through censorship.
      - Under Lenin
        
        He promised 'Peace, Land and Bread' this was one of the most pieces of propaganda that Lenin would use. This would guarantee food, land to make farms, and peace in Russia to all. this was extremely appeasing for the middle class
        
        Though Lenin promised free press, in two days it would be taken away 'temporary' for it to never return. With power of the press and propaganda he would antagonise those who went against him
    - - There were many different political parties who attempted to take over Russia(typically more 'radical' parties were popular, as the PG was extremely ineffective and more modest), including many different Communist parties. Mainly The Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks
      - Creating a 'dictatorship of the proletariat' meaning power to the workers and taking that power from the higher classes.
      - Power to the state (Bolshevism[later Communism under Stalin])
- - - - Democratic government failed to deal with the economic crises
      - Severe instability and a lack of unity among government leaders
        
        Socialists, liberals and Catholics failed to form any workable coalition
        
        Italy had only been unified since 1860 and there were still many weaknesses in its constitutional system. Elections caused moths of arguing between politicians
      - King Emmanuel III bowed to the pressure of Mussolini and his supporters (despite having only 35 out of the 535 deputies), allowing him to form a government with little resistance.
    - - Treatment at the Paris Peace Conference provokes nationalist anger
        
        Territorial promises made to Italy in the Treaty of London in 1915 were largely ignored
    - - High unemployment
      - Economy on the brink of collapse at the end of WWI
      - Budget deficit and inflation was getting out of hand after and attempt to provide unemployment relief and financial assistance to the failing agriculture sector
    - - Developed in response to growing instability and lack of the government to effectively govern. Many people desired a strong leader in a time of chaos, as well as wanting national unity
      - Large Sections of Italy were experiencing poverty, exacerbated by WWI. This led to frustration that the weak government were unable to help and this weakness was underlined by their treatment at the Paris Peace Conference
      - Socialist refused to join any government that imposed austerity measures, further destabilising the government and leading to violence on the streets
  - - - March on Rome and the 'March of the Iron Will' used as propaganda to inspire heroism and sacrifice among Italians and cultivate a saviour image for Mussolini
      - Control education
        
        1933: University teachers were required to members of the Fascist Party (PNF)
        
        Assumed control for all school textbooks, Secondary school teachers had to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, children taught they owed the same loyalty to fascism as they did to god
    - - March on Rome used to exaggerate the heroism of the Fascist Party
    - - Formed a cult of personality, Justified his personal rule. Enabled him to maintain control of the Fascist Party keeping other Fascist leaders in check as people were loyal to Il Duce more than the party
        
        After WWI formed groups using terrorism to intimidate leftist institutions
        
        By 1925 he had dismantled the democratic system and declared himself dictator
        
        His politics gradually shifted, 1938 introduced anti semitic laws
        
        Led the March on Rome 1922
        
        Benito Mussolini, Il Duce, 'The Leader'
    - - Pursued aggressive foreign policy in the 1920's often being brought before the League of Nations but rarely harshly sanctioned
      - 1923 creates the OVRA or secret police to crack down on opposition
      - 1924 election: Marred by intimidation and under the new electoral rules he implemented the year before the PNF took a majority to form government. After the election all opposition newspapers were banned
    - - Ultranationalist and authoritarian
      - Cult of personality around Il Duce
      - Central authority who suppresses opposition by controlling industry, commerce, education and media
      - No room for individuality, tolerance or parliamentary democracy.
      - The desire to expand territory and assert dominance over other nations