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Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 8-9, Chapter 7 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Definition: Grasslands, forests, shrublands
    - - Grasslands, forests, shrublands, deserts/ dunes, tundra
        
        Wetlands
        
        Aquatic:
        
        Saltwater, brackish water, freshwater bodies, coral reefs
    - - Definition: feed level defined by primary source of energy (green plants 1st)
      - Food chains or Food webs
        
        Trophic levels and complex interactions
    - - Tertiary Consumer
        
        Secondary Consumer
        
        Primary Consumer
        
        Primary Producer
        
        100%
        
        10%
        
        1%
        
        1/10%
    - - One species could start to die out and it would affect the species that eat it and the species that it eats.
  - - - Restoration
        
        Definition: Return ecosystems back to original state
        
        Requirements:
        
        Abiotic factors unaltered or can be returned to original state
        
        Viable populations formerly inhabiting ecosystem must still exist
      - Management
        
        Definition: Manage ecosystem in current state
    - - Recovery of mobile nutrients and removal or breakdown of excess nutrients and compounds
      - Movement of floral gametes
      - Trophic-dynamic regulations of populations
      - Habitat for resident and transient populations
      - The portion of primary production extractable as food
      - The portion of primary production extractable as raw materials
      - Sources of unique biological materials and products
      - Provision of opportunities for recreational activities
      - Provision of opportunities for noncommercial sales
      - Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition
      - Regulation of global temperature, precipitation, and other biologically mediated climatic
        processes at global or local levels
      - Capacitance, damping, and integrity of ecosystem response to environmental fluctuations
      - Regulation of hydrological flows
      - Storage and retention of water
      - Retention of soil within an ecosystem
      - Soil formative processes
      - Storage, internal cycling, processing of nutrients
    - - Pollination
      - Biological Control
      - Water Treatment
      - Refuges
      - Nutrient Cycling
      - Food Production
      - Soil Formation
      - Raw materials
      - Erosion Control and Sediment Retention
      - Genetic Resources
      - Water Supply
      - Recreation
      - Cultural
      - Climate Regulations
      - Water Regulation
      - Gas Regulation
      - Disturbance Regulation
    - - What does the future of ecosystem environmental sustainability look like?
        
        15% more agriculture land
        
        Global deforestation
        
        N and P cycles raise nutrients in land and water 2 to 3 times
        
        More water diverted
        
        World population will increase tremendously over the next half a century
        
        We may lose up to 50% of the world's biodiversity at estimated loss rate
    - - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment –A governing board
        
        Four-year project involving 1400 scientists
        
        Produced reports on state of Earth’s ecosystems in 2005
        
        Major note of strain on Earth to sustain future generations
      - For the Ecosystem Assessment Report:
        
        We depend on nature and ecosystem services but are living off them unsustainably
        
        Humans have caused massive wave of species extinction
        
        Biodiversity loss estimate of 8,700 species/year
        
        Loss of services is a barrier to solving poverty, hunger, disease
        
        Outstanding problems include overfishing, loss of services, climate change, nutrient pollution
        
        Pressure on ecosystems will increase unless attitudes and actions change
        
        Humans profoundly changed ecosystems
        
        Changes improved lives but weakened nature’s ability to provide other services
        
        Conservation succeeds when local people are involved
        
        Protection of natural assets requires coordinated efforts
- - - - May have areas different from overall biomes
        
        Called “microclimates”
- - - - Grass would be very long
      - More mushrooms
      - More flowers
      - More rabbits
      - More deer
      - More bugs
      - More wild turkeys
    - - Definition: Transition of one biotic community to another
    - - Secondary is different than primary because of logging- forest fires, flooding
      - Primary:
        
        Definition: area lacking plants and soils is initially invaded by plants when soil forms
      - Secondary:
        
        Definition: Area cleared by disturbance and then reinvaded by plants and animals from other ecosystems
    - - Crab grass
    - - Tall grass- herbaceous plants
    - - Pines comes in
    - - Pine Forest
    - - Hard woods come in
    - - Hard wood forest climax
    - - Aquatic: soil particles eroded from land or plant detritus builds up in ponds or lakes, eventually filling them
    - - 1/3 of Yellowstone was burned
      - 1972 they let natural fires burn out themselves
      - The fire went out of countrol
      - Firefighters were overwelmed
      - residents ordered out of homes
      - Smokey the bear helped get word around about the Yellowstone Forest fire
      - A snowstorm put the fire out
      - 1988 made new rules when fighting fires
  - - - Definition: Ability of ecosystems to return to normal after disturbances
      - Serotiny
        
        Definition: Some plants require disturbances to release seeds
        
        Example: Some pine species require fire
    - - Definition: Situation in human impacted ecosystem where small action catalyzes major change in system state
- - - - Autotrophs
        
        Definition: Producers organic compounds to survive
      - Chemotrophs
        
        Definition: Producers use inorganic molecules to gain energy for survival
    - - Heterotrophs
        
        Definition: consume organic materials to
        survive
- - - - Biggest- 1. Biomass of large fish
        
        Upper Middle- Biomass of small fish
        
        Lower Middle: Biomass of zooplankton consumers
        
        Smallest: Biomass of Phytoplankton
        
        Turnover of organisms
        
        Aquatic more efficient
        
        Higher populations
        
        Cold blooded fish
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Global climate change
    - - Global climate change
      - Lack of resources
    - - Lack of resources
      - Global Climate change
  - - - Conversion
        
        One ecosystem to another
      - Fragmentation
        
        Break ecosystems up
      - Simplification
        
        Remove components of an ecosystem
      - Intrusion of other species
        
        Invasive species
        
        Kudzu
  - - - Nutrients
      - Pesticides
        
        Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs)
      - Industrial waste
    - - Pathogens
      - Parasites
    - - Sediments
      - Light
      - Noise
      - Thermal
  - - - Can Cause paralysis, death, dizziness, drowsiness, disorientation, and comas
    - - Carries toxins, erosion
    - - Parasite causes bowl infection, comas from not washing produce, drinking pool water
    - - Cancer causing chemical found in ground water
    - - Found in electrical equipment, can affect fish, very common
  - - - Direct use of organisms
      - Habitat conversion for us
      - Pollution
      - Competition as our population increases
    - - Accounts for 23% of recent extinctions
      - Trade in Exotics (typically illegal)
      - Greed
  - - - Major decline in 2024
      - Try to salvage and rescue in 2021
- - - - Recovery plans
      - Critical Habitat
      - Listing
    - - Special interest groups
  - - - Individual
      - Business
      - Nonprofit
      - Science
      - Government
    - - Protection of marine reserves/ wildlife, Zoo programs, Environmental education, working with local groups for conservation goals
      - Rhino breeding, Scottish Wildlife forensics lab, IUCN effects of house cats and cell phone towers on birds
      - Coffee plantations with plants for birds, Go into green technologies and businesses
      - Lacey Act, Marine Mammel Act, Endangered Species Act, CITES, Convention on Biodiversity
      - Vote to support biodiversity, purchase sustainable materials, use fewer resources, Great Sunflower Project
    - - Land conservation, Captive breeding, Education, Sustainable Development
      - Basic research in natural history, taxonomy, captive breeding techniques, develop wildlife forensics, monitor species, control invasive species, and better understand other causes of species decline
      - Sustainability practices, Smart investment
      - Make sound policies for local and national needs, develop international treaties
      - Support policy, smart consumerism, citizen science
  - - - Whooping Crane
        
        Full time monitoring and protecting of single remaining flock
      - Grey wolf of Yellowstone
      - Birds of Prey & DDT
      - California Condors
      - Karner Blue Butterfly
      - Kirtland’s Warbler
      - Radiolab podcast
  - - - No hunting restrictions previously
      - State laws + NGOs fund management today
        
        Seems to work
        
        Wild Turkeys
        
        Trapping/ Hunting fees
- - - - Value for humans
      - Anthropocentrism- human kind is of central importance
    - - Value for own sake
      - Biocentrism- biosphere is of central importance
  - - - Wild genes
      - Banking genes
      - New food plants/ crops
      - Wood/ other materials
    - - Land ethics and Aldo Leopold
        
        Advocated for wilderness protection
      - Religious support: religious reasons for existence
- - - - Deliberate
        
        For a reason
      - Gradual
        
        Over time reproduces more
      - Accidental
        
        Blew in from storm
    - - Originated in Eurasia and now found on every continent except for Antartica
      - Were identified in NJ –eradicated in 2019 due to hunting
      - Located in 35 states
      - Look for large patches of uprooted soil
    - - Common invasive
      - Colonizes barren soil
        
        Root nodules can fix N
    - - Accidently introduced from Europe as seeds
      - Common in New Jersey
      - Few natural Predators
    - - Climbing perennial vine native to Southeast Asia
      - “The vine that ate
        the South”
    - - Beetle native to Northeastern Asia
      - Larvae feed on inside
    - - Enact Laws
      - Prevent establishment
      - Remedy situation
      - What are some remedies?
- - - - Set aside breeding and feeding areas
- - - - Definition:
        
        bar graph depicting age structure of males and females in a population
      - Use census data to prepare
      - High (Sweden) vs. low income (Burkina Faso) nations’ population profiles are very different
  - - - Graying population and lower fertility rate
  - - - •Epidemiologic Transition: discovery of modern medicine, death rates have decreased dramatically
      - •Fertility Transition: reproduction decrease in low-income countries
  - - - Afghanistan, Uganda, Zambia
  - - - India, Gabon, Malaysia
  - - - Ghana Guatemala, Iraq
  - - - Brazil, Germany, Japan
  - - - Economic
        
        Affordable housing and Health Care
        
        Having locals work for foreign companies
        
        Grameen Bank
        
        Micro loans to rural poor
        
        Incentives for jobs
      - Both
        
        Better sanitation and clean water
        
        Stable leadership and distribution of wealth
        
        Old age security
      - Public policies
        
        Acless to contraceptives vaccines, medicice
        
        1 child policy
        
        Tax incentive of subsides
        
        Better education for children and women
  - - - Poorest nations in the world are in Phase 1
      - What must happen to help developing countries reach Phase IV?
- - - - Speed up economic development
      - Concentration on population policies–Which one works best? Debatable
  - - - High fertility
        
        Environmental degradation
  - - - There are still a number of issues
      - Where does progress need to be made?
  - - - Extreme poverty -> almost met
      - • Reduce amount of people living on $1.25/day
      - Children
      - • Primary education à enrollment up
      - • Mortality
      - • Fertility rates declining
      - Other
      - • Death from measles and other diseases down
      - • AIDS deaths/newly infected declining
      - • More access to safe drinking water
- - - - K for humans- 7.6 billion
  - - - K
        
        more care
        
        require environmental stability
        
        few offspring
        
        Longer life
        
        Lower reproduction rate
      - R
        
        More offspring
        
        Less care
        
        Higher reproduction rate
        
        Less stable
        
        Shorter life
  - - - As such, nations with moderate income are
        moderately developed
      - Nations with low income are still developing*
      - Income and environmental degradation
        
        highly correlated
    - - What do you think are problems related to
        rapid population growth?
      - What about in rural, low-income nations?
      - In more urbanized, low-income nations?
      - In more low-income nations
        
        Poor a will to birth control/ coreceptive, card development
      - In more urbanized
        
        Employments rate, disease- health care and sanitation issues, Houselessness, Food in security, resource depletion
        
        Resources
        
        Having children young
        
        Depletion
        
        young age for onset reproduction/ puberty
    - - What do you think are problems related to rapid growth?
        
        What about in rural, low-income nations?
        
        Disease
        
        Lacking clean water
        
        Water borne illnesses
        
        Over exp. of resources
        
        Deforestation
        
        High kids: Parent ratio
        
        Lack of infrastructure to support people
        
        Agriculture and poor family percents
        
        Social conflict
        
        In more urbanized, low-income nations?
        
        Slums and spreading of disease
        
        Poor air quality- industrial transportation
        
        Pollution- lack of policy
        
        Lack of housing to support people
        
        Both:
        
        Issues related to dictatorship and wealth distribution
    - - Population growth
        
        Growths > Deaths
      - Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
        
        Average number of children a woman has over her lifetime:
        
        <2- decreasing
        
        =2 stable
        
        1=growing
    - - Definition: fertility rate
        replacing population of parents
      - Higher in low-income countries (child mortality)
      - 2.1 for high income countries
    - - Graph depicts growth in top 10 world metropolitan areas in1990, 2014, and 2030 (expected)
    - - Formula for human impact on environment:
        
        𝐼=𝑃∗𝐴∗T
        
        Population (P), affluence and consumption patterns (A), and technology in society (T)–Due to wealth–Small population = large impact–Stewardship in developed countries à can moderate
        
        I=𝑃∗𝐴∗T/S
- - - - Definition: field of collecting, compiling, and presenting information about human populations
      - Researchers who study this à demographers
- - - - • Lead world in paper consumption
      - •We lead in consumption of 11 of 20 major commodities
      - • Eat twice global meat average
      - • Are less likely to use public transportation, buy local, eat fruits and vegetables, or use reusable grocery bags
      - • Lead world in pollutant production
      - • Comprise 4.5% of population but produce 22% CO2
      - • We do have a number of amenities, though!
- - - - • Clear-cutting (Even)
      - • Uneven cutting
        
        Selective cutting
        
        Shelter-wood cutting
    - - • How has tree cover changed in past decades?
      - • What are the land uses in these regions?
      - • How does this relate to changes in biodiversity?
      - • Are there impacts in CO2 and climate?
  - - - • Row crops or pasture
      - Foremost cause of deforestation
    - - •Put land in control of indigenous village
      - •Sustainable forest management
      - •Conservation of biodiverse areas
      - •Setting aside reserves for goods
      - •Preservation as national heritage
      - Certification of wood products for sustainable harvest
  - - - Definition: farming coastal species in ocean several miles from shoreline
      - More sustainable?
  - - - National Parks and Wildlife Refuges
        
        second greatest protection
        
        •84 to 96 million acres of land
      - Wilderness
        
        given greatest protection
        
        •109 million acres of land (4%)
    - - National Forests à third greatest protection
        
        •740 million acres although 2/3 managed for commercial timber
        
        •Roadless Controversy
      - Non-federal lands
        
        •Typically through land trusts
        
        fourth greatest protection
    - - Need new ethic of stewardship
      - People of developing countries need must be met but also not destroy ecosystems
- - - - E.G. mangrove shoreline protection, timber, and fish
    - - Consumptive
        
        Harvest food, shelter, tools, fuel, and clothing
        
        •Common in developing countries and even in rural US–: exploitation for economic gain
        
        •Enormous source of revenue
      - Productive
        
        exploitation for economic gain
        
        •Enormous source of revenue
    - - • Conservation and preservation are typically confused but are different
        
        Conservation
        
        Definition: management and regulation of ecosystem use
        
        Preservation
        
        Definition: ensure continuity (of ecosystem or species), regardless of potential utility
    - - •Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY):
        
        Definition: highest possible rate of use system can match with own rate of replacement/maintenance
    - - •Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
        
        Can apply to maintenance of parks, air and water quality, and soils
      - •Precautionary principle
      - •Common-pool resources
        
        may be problem “Tragedy of the Commons”
      - •Optimal population
    - - • Consequence of the rights of tenure (property right)
        
        Private ownership
        
        Communal ownership
        
        State ownership
        
        Open access
- - - - Decreased water flowing to this area from farming (sugar cane farms northward) and residencies
      - 36 year project, $11 Billion in bondage
        
        • Water Reversions and Storage
        
        • Land Buyout
      - Everglades: flooded, freshwater marsh land (wetland) in Southern FL
        
        Subtropical wilderness
        
        Area: 20,000 km2