Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skeletal System Jasmine Baez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Jasmine Baez Period 5
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Pivot
: A freely movable joint that only allows rotary movement around a single axis
Condylar
: Allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (circumduction)
Hinge
: Allows flexion and extension in one plane to a certain degree
Saddle
: Allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, as well as circumduction
Ball-and-Socket
: Allows backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movements
Plane
: Sliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces
Disorders/Diseases
Osteoporosis
: group of diseases due to bone resorption exceeding deposit.
Paget's Disease
: Excessive bone deposit/resorption causing fast bone growth and poor development.
Osteomalacia & Rickets
: Bone are poorly mineralized resulting in soft/weak bones. Caused by vitamin D deficiency/insufficient calcium.
Differences between Male and Female skeleton
Female Pelvises
are larger and wider than
Male Pelvises
and have a rounder Pelvic inlet
Types of Bones
Flat Bones
: Thin, flat, slightly curved (sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones)
Irregular Bones
: Complex shapes (Vertebrae and hip bones)
Short Bones
: Cuboid-shaped bones (wrist and ankles),
Sesamoid
bones from within tendons (patella)
Long Bones
: Longer than wider, limb bones
Anatomy of the long bone
Epiphyseal Line
: Between Diaphysis and Epiphysis: bone growth occurs
Periosteum
: White, double-layered membrane covering external services except joints
Epiphysis
: Ends of long bones compact Bone Externally and spongy bone internally: Articular cartilage covers Articular (joint) surfaces
Endosteum
: Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
Diaphysis
: Compact Bone surrounding central medullary cavity
Bone Remodeling
Begins during
Bony Callus
formation. Excess material on Diaphysis exterior/medullary cavity is removed and
Compact Bone
reconstructs shaft walls
Bone Fracture Repair
2) Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
: Capillaries grow into Hematoma, then Phagocytic cells clear debris. Then Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to break/connect broken ends.
3) Bony Callus Formation
: WIthin a week new trabeculae appear in
fibrocartilaginous callus
, then converts into bony callus of spongy bone
1) Hematoma formation
: Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming clotted Blood called a
hematoma
4) Bone Remolding
: Begins during bony callus formation. Excess material on Diaphysis exterior/medullary cavity is removed and
Compact Bone
reconstructs shaft walls
Joints
Synovial Joints
Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, includes almost all limb joints (freely movable)
6 general features
: Articular cartilage, Joint (Synovial) cavity, Articular (joint) capsule, Synovial fluid, 3 Reinforcing ligaments, and Nerves/Blood vessels
Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses
: Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones (almost all immovable)
Symphyses
: Fibrocartilage unites Bone in symphysis joint (slightly movable)
Fibrous Joints
Syndesmoses
: Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
Gomphoses
: Periodontal ligament hold tooth in alveolar socket
Sutures
: Rigid, interlocking joints of skull. Contain short connective tissue fibers for expansion then ossify/fuse in middle age, becoming immovable
Bones
Appendicular
Skeleton: Bones of Upper & Lower limbs
Lower limbs
: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals (ex: Calcaneus & Talus), Metatarsals, Phalanges bones
Girdles
attaching limbs to axial skeleton: Pelvic Girdle, Pectoral Girdle (Scapula & Clavicle)
Upper limbs
: Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges bones
Axial Skeleton: Long Axis of body
Rib Cage; Sternum
Vertebral Column; Sacrum
Skull Bones
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteogenic
cells: Differentiate into osteoblast/bone-lining cells sometimes
Osteocytes
: Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide: maintain bone matrix/communicate to osteoblast and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
: Bone-forming cells, secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
Osteoclasts
: Multinucleate cells function in bone resorption (breaking down the bone)
Bone-lining
cells: Flat cells on bone surfaces: maintain matrix