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4.3 Aquatic Food Production System - Coggle Diagram
4.3 Aquatic Food Production System
Demand for aquatic food resources continues to increase as human population grows and diet changes
Photosynthesis by phytoplankton supports a highly diverse range of food webs
Aquatic flora dan fauna are harvested by humans
The highest rates of productivity are found near coastlines or in shallow seas, where upwellings and nutrient enrichment of surface water occurs
Harvesting some species, such as seals and whales, can be controversial, Ethical issues arises.
Development in fishing equipment and changes to fishing methods have lead to dwindling fish stocks and damage to habitats
U1: Demand for aquatic food resources continues to increase as human population grows and diet changes
Healthy eating campaign dtives demand for food resources
Fish that rise popularity: Swordfish and tuna are endangered
Cod and haddock is a regular menu in fashionable restaurant in Europe
Smoked salmon considered as luxury food
Subsidies/taxation of inputs
Limit the number of fishing days
U3: Aquatic Flora dan Fauna harvested by humans
LOwer trophic level better as less energy loss
U6: Developments in fishing equipment and changes to fishing methods have led to dwindlig fish stocks and damage to habitats
Gillnets: curtain of netting placed in water with small holes large enough for fish to get head through
Trawling: Drags a net through the water behind a bot
Dredging: drags a metal bag across the ocean floor. Damaging Ecosystem. Captures anything in the path
Blast fishing: Using explosives
modern fishing ships: Able to stay at sea for months while freezing and storing their catch
Global fishing
If the exploitation continue, the edible fish stock will face total collapse in 40 years times
Cold stock at north sea are less than 10% of 1970 levels
Overfish occurs when fish are caught faster than nature can replace their supply
U4:The highest rates of productivity are found near coastlines or in shallow seas, where upwellings
and nutrient enrichment of surface waters occurs
In the deep, open ocean, when nutrients become available near the surface, plants bloom,die,decay and sink, often to a depth where there is no light. The nutrients accumulate in the depths
Harvesting some species, such as seals and whales, can be controversial. Ethical issues arise over biorights, rights of indigenous cultures and international conservation legislation
Why the harvesting of some species can be controversial
Hunting methods are cruel
Unethical to kill animals
modern technologies are very efficient allowing no chance to the whale to escape
Low birth rate
Conflicts arise over territorial rights among fleet of different nations
Other species may be killed in the process
Large amounts are waste
Increase in illegal whale hunting of endangered species
Increase in illegal whale hunting
4.3.A2 Evaluate strategies that can be used to avoid unsustainable fishing
Herring fishery's Marine Stewardship Council (sustainable & well-managed fishery)
Nothern European mackerel and herring fleets (sonar techniques)
Used to find fish
Distinguish between shoal of the 2 species
Allows boat to target only herring when they are in season
4.3.U7 Unsustainable exploitation of aquatic systems can be mitigated at a variety of levels (international, national, local and individual) through policy, legislation and changes in consumer behaviour
UNCLOES declared the continental shelves belong to the country from which they extend
Blue MSC label only apply to wild fish or seafood from fisheries that have been certified to the MSC
are conducted under unilateral exemption to a international agreement
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT
Cod wars britain vs iceland
Turbot wars canada vs spain
India vs sri lanka
