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ETHICS: THEME 1 - META-ETHICAL APPROACHES, NATURALISM (AO1 + AO2) - Coggle…
ETHICS: THEME 1 - META-ETHICAL APPROACHES, NATURALISM (AO1 + AO2)
an empiricist theory; objective moral facts exist - they are objectively true, separate from human opinion and are the same as other natural facts. ethical terms can be defined using non-ethical natural terms, and ethical conclusions can be understood through non-ethical, scientific properties
COGNITIVISM
all ethical language is cognitive - moral claims need to be understood + investigated to be falsified
morality can't be based on opinion, as morality will then end up arbitrary/ unreliable
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naturalists argue moral facts can be identified by observing the natural world, enhancing our ability to make judgements + use value terms correctly
naturalism is consistent with moral realism: moral facts exist and are objective, independent of the human mind
science now focuses on facts being verified through observation and experimentation, and these facts are the only to be believed
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F. H. BRADLEY
isn't a fan of kant's idea of the goal of moral behaviour being to do duty for the sake of doing duty; this is an empty formula, lacking real ethical content
instead sees the goal as self-realisation (identifying one's place and function in society, and the duties of their role)
this is known as one's station; this is observable, like any propositions in the world
self-realisation is a combi. of the notion of individual happiness and sense of duty from kant's ethics
bradley calls the goal the 'concrete universal', uniting self-realisation, happiness, and duty in one
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ethical statements express propositions of everyone's place in society as inseparable from their communities
it's a universal goal that is vital, and is realisation of the self as intrinsically part of society as a whole
ethical statements express propositions of each person's place in society as inseparable from their communities
a person's station in society is observable, like any other propositions in the world
‘what he has to do depends on what his place is, what his function is, and that all comes from his station in the organism’
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