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DNA to mRNa to Protein - Coggle Diagram
DNA to mRNa to Protein
Key words/concepts
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Contains
Genetic information
Function
Encodes essential proteins
Proteins
Function
Perform vital functions
Energy source
Cell repair and production
Development and growth of the organism
Hormone production
They act like antibodies
Example
Enzymes
Catalyze reactions
Gene expression process
Transcription
What is it?
The process of copying DNA info into an mRNA molecule
Steps
1) DNA of a gene acts as a template
2) Complementary base pairing occurs
3) Enzyme (RNA polymerase II catalyzes the formation of pre-mRNA)
4) Processing of pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA
Translation
What is it?
The process of converting the mRNA sequence into a chain of amino acids (protein)
Steps
Eukaryotes
1) mRNA exits the nucleus
2) Ribosomes in the cytoplasm translate mRNA
Prokaryote
trancription and translation occur at the same time
Ribosomes
What are they?
It is an intercellular structure made up of RNA and proteins
Structure
Subunits (2)
1) Large Subunit (50s)
2) Small Subunit (30s)
What does "s" means?
Sedimentation measurement during centrifugation
Svedberg
Contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)
Function
Binding sites for mRNA and tRNA
mRNA
Messenger RNA
ADN to ARN
Regions
Untranslated Region (UTR)
Located between
First transcribed nucleotide
Start codon (AUG)
Contains
Important binding sites
tRNA
Transference ARN
Structure
2 ends
1) Reads the mRNA code
2) Binds to a specific amino acid
Function
Transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Initiation of Translation
Initiation complex
Structure
3 initiation factors
IF1
IF2
IF3
tRNA carries
Methionine binds to the start codon AUG
Ribosome Structure
Binding sites:
A site: Amino acids bind
P site: growing polypeptide chain
E site: empty tRNA returns to the cytoplasm
Elongation phase
Ribosome movement
Moves along the mRNA
Direction
5'
3'
Requires elongation factors
tRNA binding
Corresponding tRNA to the next codon binds to the A site
Peptide bonds form between amino acids
Comparison eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic translation
Similarities
Same translation process
Identical genetic code
Differences
Prokaryotes
Transcription and translation occur simultaneously
mRNA has a short life
Eukaryotes
mRNA is modified and must exit the nucleus
Variable mRNA life span
Additional opportunities to regulate gene expression