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Health Risks Due To Climate Change: Inequity In Causes And Consequences -…

- - - - Emissions come power plants, industrial processes, mobile sources, and agricultural activities
      - ambient air pollution from particulate matter and ozone causes approximately 4.5 million deaths worldwide annually
        
        transportation choices have multiple impacts on health. Traffic-related injuries, physical inactivity, air pollution, noise, and other issues are associated with car use, causing 185,000–330,000 premature deaths annually worldwide
        
        Transportation policies are powerful opportunities to reduce related morbidity and mortality and simultaneously reduce greenhouse gas emissions
        
        among foods, red meat results in the highest greenhouse gas emissions and is as-sociated with higher levels of cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers
        
        Diets containing mostly minimally processed plant foods, whole grains, and pulses are associated with lower levels of noncommunicable disease and greenhouse gas emissions.
  - - - adaptation priorities include a
        -health workforce with the knowledge and tools to promote climate resilience
        -health information systems that support the effective management of the health risks of climate change, such as early warning systems
        -effective service delivery
        -adequate financing, including attention to financing in other sectors (such as property insurance) to limit indirect health effects
      - Most climate-sensitive health risks are already sources of morbidity and mortality, and there are policies and programs in many countries for preventing and managing them
        
        because most risks are projected to increase with each additional unit of warming, additional public health interventions are needed
        
        Early warning and response systems are systems that can save lives and protect healthcare facilities in extreme events. Early warning and response systems for infectious diseases, based on temperature, precipitation, and other environmental data, can lead to early outbreak detection, providing more time for health systems to implement vector and disease control programs and increase public awareness, and thus reduce the magnitude of the outbreak
        
        they also need to recognize and accommodate the increasing probability of connected extreme
        
        Later in the century, at higher degrees of warming, and in climate change hotspots, interactions between existing hazards (for example, heat waves and wildfires) are likely to become pronounced, and new hazards (for example, sea level rise) will present unprecedented challenges
        
        Adaptation options focused only on current vulnerabilities might not be sufficient to protect against health risks from future and possibly more severe climate change
        
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- - - - these events can disrupt critical public health, health care, water and sanitation, and food distribution systems and adversely affect the health of the affected populations long afterward.
        
        In coastal regions and along major riverways, many hospitals and other facilities are located in places subject to flooding and storm surge
      - Heat waves are the leading weather-related cause of death in the United States
        
        Increased high ambient temperatures
        increase rates of preterm births, low birthweights, and stillbirth
        
        also adversely affect the productivity and health of outdoor workers and workers in settings that are not climate-controlled
  - - - older adults, people with chronic illnesses, people with mobility challenges, the poor and isolated, Black and Indigenous populations and other people of color, certain occupational groups, and women and girls will suffer a disproportionate share of the impacts because of heightened physiological sensitivities, greater exposures, or less capacity to take protective actions
  - - - Trade, travel, and other socioeconomic changes also can facilitate emerging or reemerging infectious diseases, in part through introduction from other regions
      - Temperature and precipitation are key determinants of where mosquitoes and ticks are active, and temperature also affects the replication rate of the pathogens they spread, such as dengue virus
        
        Other regions may become too hot or dry for disease transmission. Heavy precipitation can wash away vector breeding grounds, leading to temporary decreases in disease transmission
        
        For example, dengue fever transmissions are closely associated with ambient temperature. Incidence increased thirtyfold during the past fifty years to approximately 390 million infections annuall
        
        Poleward shifts of A. aegypti are expected by the end of the century if the mosquito tracks optimal temperature ranges, with increased risks of transmission threatening nearly a billion people with new exposure to dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever
  - - - 149 million children younger than age five were stunted, and 40 million were overweight
        
        Climate change threatens food security through its impacts on agriculture, food, health, and both sociodemographic and economic systems
        
        other environmental changes may amplify these impacts, such as biodiversity loss (including loss of pollinators), depletion of fisheries, soil degradation, and freshwater depletion
        
        limiting warming to 1.5° C compared with 2° C is projected to result in smaller net reductions in yields of maize, rice, wheat, and potentially other cereal crops, in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America
        
        carbon-dioxide is causing ocean acidification and reducing the nutritional quality of major cereal crops by decreasing concentrations of protein, micronutrients, and B vitamins
        
        With rising affluence, people consume more meat and dairy products, increasing livestock demand and contributing to climate change through deforestation and methane production
        
        changing precipitation or melting perennial snow and ice are altering hydrological systems, reducing water quantity and quality. These changes affect human health through increases in waterborne diseases