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Exam 2 - Coggle Diagram
Exam 2
Indeterminate Growth
Apical Meristem
Totipotent Region
Ancestral
Growth
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Synapomorphy
Charophytes
Mainly Filamentous
Bryophytes Protonema
Filamentous
Apical Bud
Bifurcating Sporophyte
Split Shoot
Foundation
Multiple Sporangia
Terminal Sporophyte Replaced
Displace Sporangium
On Leaf
Side Axial
Tips
Some Sterile
Polysporantiate
Branching
Bifurcate
Before Vasularization
Lycophytes
Various Structures
Equal
Isotomous
Unequal
Anisotomous
Indeterminacy
Vascular
Grow Continuously
Convergent Evolution
Indeterminate Meristems
Bryophyte
Fern
Vascular Sporophyte
Shoot Apical Meristem
Green Lobster :smiley:
Totipotent Region
Becomes Transition Tissue
Ground Meristem
Procambium
Protoderm
Leaves
Phyllad Evolution
Constraints
Low Stomatal Density
High Temps
Low Water Capacity
Polyphyletic Origin
Earliest True Leaves
Euphyllophytes
Independent Evolution
Optimal Light Interceptiion
Proceeded Leaf
Initiated in Patterns
Convergent Evolution
Five Independent Origins
Liverwort Gametophyte
Moss Gametophyte
Lycophyte Sporophyte
Monilophyte Sporophyte
Spermatophyte Sporophyte
Enation Theory
Lycophyte Leaves
Progressive Elaboration
Epidermal Outgrowths
Vascular Strands
Came Later
Zimmerman Telome Theory
Evolution of Euphylls
Overtopping
Unequal Branching
Plantation
Webbing
Phyllad Organization
Lycophylls
Microphyll
Single Vascular Trace
Mesophyll
Monocot Leaf
Epidermis
Veins
Eudicot Leaf
Epidermis
Mesophyll
Veins
Vascularization
Evolutionary Perspective
Tracheophytes
#
Synapomorphy
All Have Vascular
Cell Type Varies
Vascular Architecture
Diverse
Early Evidence
Tracheids
Annular Thickenings
Cooksonia
True Tracheids
Lignified
Evolved Once
Water Transport
Support
Lycophytes
Early Group
Carboniferous
Towering Forests
Xylem
:red_cross: Specialized Cells
Poikilohydric
Water Content Changes
Equilibrate Water Potential
Stayed Small
Bryophytes
Water Conducting Cell
:red_cross:Plasmodesmata
Tracheary Elements
Die at Maturity
Thickened Lignin Walls
#
#
Waterproofing
Structural Support
Stepwise Progression
Early Tracheids
Water Transport
:red_cross: Support
Lignified
Long/Wide
Ferns
Pit Membranes
Phloem
Food Conducting
Widespread Plasmodesmata
Sieve Cells
Transports
Photosynthate
Hormones
Electric Signals
Tube Elements
Sieve Plate
Many Pores
Cell Wall
Primary
Contents
P-Proteins
Forisomes
Legumes
Plastids
Mitochondria
Differention
Cell Wall Thickened
Cytoplasmic Clearing
No Ribosomes
Wood
High Water Demand
Water Transport
Does Not Starve
Selection Pressure
Increased Competition
Taller Plants
Developed Canopies
Higher Transpiration
Evolved 5 Times
Loss
Secondary Growth
First Trees
Lepidondrids
Archaeopteris
Softwood
Tracheids Only
Few Fibers
Gymnosperms
Hardwood
Space for Fibers
Angiosperms
Life on Land
Embryophyte Emergence
Relatively More CO2
~4% O2
8-15x CO2
Terrestrialization
~470 MYA
3-D Tissue
Sporophyte
Multicellular
Gametophyte
Zygote
Embryo
Green Algae
#
Grows as Disc
Streptophyta
Embryophyta
Charophytes
Fossil Evidence
Earliest
Spores and Tissue
Mid-Ordovician
470 MYA
Sporopollenin Wall
#
Protects Gametes
Cryptospores
Liverwort
Microfossils
~390 MYA
Dichotomously Branched
First Macrofossils
Cooksonia Sporophytes
~425 MYA
Complex Gametophytes
Stomata
Conducting Elements
Similar to Liverworts
Vascular Plants
Specialized Cells
Evidence from Spores
~443 MYA
Tracheid Fossils ~415 MYA
Diversity
Exploded 415-360 MYA
Damp Areas :forbidden:
Plant Innovations
Sporophyte Generation
Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte Dominant
Sporophyte Evolves
Vascular Tissue
Water Conducting
Food Conducting
Leaves/Stomata
All but Liverworts
Roots
Downward Growing
Positive Gravitropism
Evolved Root Cap
Negative Phototropism
New Branch
Seeds
Gametophyte
Seed Ferns : :red_cross:
Gymnosperm
Naked Seed
Angiosperm
Hidden Seed
Flower Evolution
Stem Specialization
Attraction
Dispersal
Coevolution
Roots
Origins
Rhizoid
Uni-Multicellular
Anchorage
Genes
Predate Land Plants
Rhizomorphs
Similar to Roots
No Root Caps
Highly Branched
No Chlorophyll
Transition
Ealry
No Root Hairs
Intact Epidermis
Independent Evolution
Meristem
Diverse Arrangement
Body Plan
Types
Primary
Dominant Eudicots
Ephemeral Monocots
Lateral
Adventitious
Seminal
General
Highly Differentiated
Apical Meristem
Quiescent Center
Rarely Divides
Backup
Maintain Initial Cells
Cortex
Large Storage
Outer Layers
Hypodermis
Exodermis
Endodermis
Casparian Strip
Forces Water Movement
Life Cycle Evolution
Sporophyte
Ancestor
Haplontic
Current
Haplodiplontic
Antithetic Theory
Interpolination
Predictions
Heteromorphic Generations
Gametophyte
Relatively Complex
Persistent
Sporophyte
Short-Lived
Simple
Gametophyte
Marchantiophyta
Marchantia Liverwort
Dominant Leafy Gametophyte
Temporary Diploid
Sporophyte
Dominant Life Stage
Antheridiophore
Male
Sperm
Archegoniophore
Female
Eggs
Sporophyte
Temporary
Small
Parasitic
#
Meiosis
Sporangium
Lycophyte
Heterosporous
Retained in Spore Walls
Sperm Swims
