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Exam 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - apomorphy shared by >1 taxa
      - synonymous with homology
    - - character newer than
    - - character older than
    - - trait gained or lost independently in separate lineages
      - convergent evolution leads to species independently sharing a trait
    - - derived novel trait
    - - independent evolution of a similar trait
        
        indeterminate meristems evolved independently
        
        vascular meristems likely evolved independently
  - - - found in charophytes
        
        main filamentous
    - - mitosis
        
        metaphase
        
        anaphase
        
        telophase
        
        prophase
      - cytokinesis
    - - filamentous
      - apical bud
    - - continuously divides
      - matures into transition tissues
      - totipotent region
  - - - cytokinesis in oblique planes
    - - only divides at tip
      - cytokinesis on a single plane
  - - - unique mutant
  - - - equal branching
        
        isotomous
      - unequal branching
        
        anisotomous
  - - - produce new organs
      - produce new tissue
      - from shoot apex
- - - - tracheids
  - - - pit membranes
      - water transport only
    - - lignified with ornamented walls
    - - water movement and support
    - - angiosperms
      - dead at maturity
      - differentiation
        
        vacuolization
        
        apical meristem
        
        elongation
        
        secondary cell wall
  - - - transportation
        
        hormones
        
        photosynthate
        
        electric signals
      - sieve tube element features
        
        primary cell wall
        
        form sieve tube
        
        sieve plate
    - - form sieve plate and pores
  - - - root with pith
      - stem without pith
    - - stem with pith
      - root without pith
    - - diameter increased
      - height increased
    - - siphonostele
      - eustele
      - protostele
    - - endarch
      - mesarch
      - exarch
    - - exarche
      - protostele
    - - siphonostele
      - endarch
    - - no pith
      - vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchyma
      - atactostele
    - - endarch
      - vascular bundle supported by sclerenchyma
      - eustele
  - - - water loss per carbon gained
        
        selective pressure for light
- - - - gametophyte
        
        megagametophyte
        
        multicellular haploid
        
        egg cell
        
        microgametophyte
        
        multicellular haploid
        
        pollen grain
      - sporophyte
        
        annual to perennial
        
        flowering plants diverse
        
        intermediate growth
    - - gametophyte
        
        microgametophyte
        
        pollen
        
        megagametophyte
        
        nutritive tissue
        
        protected by integuments
        
        within ovule
      - sporophyte
        
        gametophyte reduced to microscopic
        
        large dominant diploid stage
  - - - gametophyte
        
        male and female develop in spore wall
        
        small
      - sporophyte
        
        heterosporous
        
        1 megasporocyte per megasporanguim
    - - gametophyte
        
        microgametophytes
        
        male
        
        megagametophytes
        
        female
      - sporophyte
        
        sori
        
        sporangia
        
        indusia
        
        large persistant diploid
  - - - Gametophyte
        
        dominant life stage
        
        antheridial head
        
        archegonial head
      - sporophyte
        
        small, temporary structures
        
        parasitic to gametophyte
        
        meiosis occurs in sporanguim
    - - Gametophyte
        
        antheridiophore
        
        archegoniophore
        
        dominant life stage
      - Sporophyte
        
        small, temporary structures
        
        parasitic to gametophyte
        
        meiosis occurs in sporangium
  - - - Current land plants haplodiplontic
        
        Antithetic/interpolation theory
        
        zygote undergoes mitotic division
        
        predictions
        
        complex, persistent gametophytes
        
        simple, short-lives sporophytes
        
        heteromorphic generations
- - - - similar to functions in extant angiosperms
    - - played different role than today
    - - stomatal canal
      - space filled with fluid
      - pseudostomata
  - - - control water loss
      - CO2 in
      - oxygen out
  - - - kidney shaped
      - random orientation
    - - dumbell shaped
      - parallel to epidermal cells
  - - - microfibrils radially oriented
      - active metabolic processes
    - - protons pumped out
      - ancestral condition filled with chloroplasts
        
        blue light independant
      - provides ATP
      - close at nigh and under water stress
    - - derived character
      - reduce cavitation
      - pore closed during water stress
      - water loss vs. carbon gain
      - ABA responsive
- - - - earliest evidence of true leaves
        
        lycophytes
        
        microphylls/lycophylls
      - euphyllophytes
    - - indeterminate growth preceded
      - leaves initiate regular patterns
      - optimized for photosynthesis
    - - low stomatal densities
      - low water uptake
      - high temp atmosphere
      - lack of efficient vascular transport
    - - at least 5 independent origins
        
        lycophyte sporophyte
        
        monoliphyte sporophyte
        
        moss gametophyte
        
        spermatophyte sporophyte
        
        Liverwort gametophyte
    - - microphyll
        
        lycophyte
      - frond
        
        moliyphyte
      - mitosis of a single cell
        
        liverwort and moss
      - euphylls
        
        seed plants
    - - progressive elaboration
      - vascular strands entered later
      - lycophyte leaves
      - fossils consistent
      - living evidence
        
        2 epidermal cells grow into leaf pair
    - - webbing
        
        webbing becomes mesophyll
        
        branching becomes veins
        
        develop thin tissue between axes
      - plantation
        
        flattening axes into 2D
      - overtopping
        
        unequal branching
      - evolution of euphylls
      - euphylls widespread by devonian
  - - - specialized parenchyma
      - contains air space
      - permits gas exchange
      - buoyancy in aquatic plants
      - ground tissue
    - - thickened primary walls
      - flexible support
      - found in bundle sheath of veins
      - ground tissue
    - - specialized parenchyma
      - photosynthesis
      - ground tissue
    - - in veins
      - phloem
      - xylem
    - - guard cells
      - epidermal cells
      - dermal tissue
      - cutinized
      - protect internal tissue
  - - - microphylls
      - single vascular trace along blade
      - vascular strand connects to stem
- - - - lateral roots
        
        seminal roots
        
        derived from mesocotyl
        
        adventitious roots
        
        derived from stems and leaves
        
        dominant in monocots
      - primary root
        
        main root
        
        ephemeral in monocots
        
        derived from radicle
        
        dominant in eudicots
    - - quiescent center
        
        backup plan
      - behind root cap
    - - initiates lateral root development
      - inside endodermis
    - - absorb water and minerals
      - osmosis from hypotonic to hypertonic
      - single celled
      - delicate, short-lived
    - - bound by endodermis and epidermis
      - storage area
    - - prevents apoplastic water movement
      - filters water through cell membranes
      - casparian strip
  - - - anchorage
      - possible mineral uptake
      - uni-multicellular projections
      - genes
        
        involved in root hair development
        
        before land plants
    - - extinct lepidodendrales
      - dichotomous system
        
        similar to roots
        
        lateral sigmarian rootlets
        
        no root cap
      - extant lycophytes
    - - upright stem
      - early devonian
        
        zosterophyllophyta
        
        rhynie chert
      - prostrate stems
      - downward/rootlike stems
    - - early without root hairs
      - independent evolution
        
        endodermis
        
        root cap
      - intact epidermis
    - - diversity helps determine phylogeny
      - similar genes across taxa
      - similar genes shoot to root
  - - - endodermis
      - pith in center
      - surrounded by cortex
      - diverse
    - - diverse
      - no pith
      - endodermis
      - cortex
    - - no root cap
      - no root hairs