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Topic 4 - Cognitive Development - Coggle Diagram
Topic 4 - Cognitive Development
Cognitive
Development
Refers to changes in thinking, perceiving, remembering and language over a person's lifespan
Sensorimotor stage 0-2 years
Infants construct understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor abilities
Babies use their senses to learn about their word through exploratory play
Object permanence
4-8 months
If an object leaves their line of view an infant will look where the object fell, if the infant puts an object down and turns away, they can find the object again
8 months
Object permanence emerges
8-12 months
Changed hiding place A not B error still occurs, infants continue to search at the first hiding location after the object is hidden in the new location, the object is still subjectively understood and remains associated with a previously successful schema
1-4 months
Infants have no sense of object permanence
Object permanence
Is the realisation that objects still exist even if it cannot be perceived
Invisible displacement test for full object permanence attainment
12-18 months, infant watches the researcher's hand hide a toy from view
Researcher's hand then deposits the toy under the napkin and removes their hand
Infant looks for the toy in the hand, but not under the napkin
Mastered by 18 months
.
Equilibrium
When a person's background knowledge allows them to deal with new information through assimilation
Disequilibrium
State that occurs when a person is unable to fit new information into their existing schemas
When a child is unable to assimilate a new experience, they carry out accommodation making a new schema or modify an existing schema and move from a state of disequilibrium back into a state of equilibrium
Piaget Cognitive Development theory
Research design
Observational
Cross sectional
Limitations
Piaget underestimated performance
Failed to consider culture and educational background
May have mistaken a lack of performance as a lack of attainment of object permanence
Strengths
Much of his claims about cognitive skill development is supported by evidence collected through structured interview and observational design
Developed a long lasting view of cognitive development
Application
Influential in education and child rearing practices
Components to theory
Schema
A catergory of knowledge that help individuals understand and interpret the world
Assimilation
Process of using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation
Accommodation
Altering of existing schemas or the formation of a new schema as a result of new information or experiences
Formal operational stage 11+ years
Children are capable of more abstract thinking
Pendulum problem test
Children reflect internally and use hypothetical reasoning finding several potential solutions for a problem which they attempt to solve systematically
Concrete operational stage 7-11 years
Children are developing logical thoughts about an object, only if they can manipulate it
Conservation
Understanding that things stay the same in quantity even though their appearance changes
Conservation attainment test
Conservation of volume, mass, number and length
Preoperational stage 2-7 years
Seriation
Arranging things according to a graduated order
Centration
Focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
Animism
Belief that inanimate objects (toys) have human feelings and intentions
Egocentric
Inability to perceive the world from another's perspective
Symbolic thinking
Children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols
Three mountains attainment test for egocentrism
A child sits at one location and the doll sits at another and the experimenter asks the child to describe what the doll would see
The child is given photographs depicting the view from each location around the table and is asked to select the view the doll will see
Experimenter shows a child a model of three mountains that have landmarks among them
The egocentric child will describe the view they see and select the photo based on their own experience with the scene not the doll's