Business unit 4 Operations management
labour productivity
high labour productivity reduces the costs of the business as each individual worker produces more goods lowering unit costs and the business may lay off workers to reduce costs even further
Factors that affect labour productivity:
- extent and quality of fixed assets
- skills ability and motivation of the workforce
- methods of production organisation
- extent to which the workforce is trained and supported
- external factors such as reliability of suppliers
Ways a business can improve productivity:
- measure performance and set targets
- streamline processes
- invest in capital
- invest in training
- improve working conditions
Issues with improving productivity:
- potential trade off with a drop in quality for increased speed
- worker resistance depending on the methods used such as new technology
- employees demanding more pay for increased work
Operational objectives
Added value
flexibilty
dependability
quality
cost
speed of response
internal factors affecting objectives:
- staff training improves quality
- investment in new tech increases productivity
- motivation improves quality
- new payment system improves productivity
external factors affecting objectives:
- new tech is developed which lowers unit costs
- a new law forces companies to reduce factory emissions
- a european recession forces a firm to reduce output as demand is decreased
- a rival firm boosts productivity to lower unit costs
Lean production: cutting waste whilst ensuring quality
Lean production requires:
- good relationship with suppliers
- committed, skilled and motivated workforce
- a culture of quality assurance
- trust between management and employees
main methods of lean production
Just in time:
suppliers deliver supplies for production just before they are used meaning that they do not have to be stored in a warehouse
Benefits:
- lower stock holding means a reduction in storage space which saves rent and insurance costs
- less working capital is tied up in stock
- less likelihood of stock perishing, becoming obsolete or running out of date
- less time spent on checking or reworking
Drawbacks:
- there is little room for mistakes as minimal stock is kept for reworking faulty products
- production is heavily focused on reliable suppliers as products need to be delivered on time or production will be delayed
- there is no spare finished product available to meet unexpected orders because all product is made to meet the actual orders
Kaizen:
continuous improvement, an approach of constantly introducing small incremental changes in a business in order to improve efficiency or quality. ideas come from employees, small improvements are less likely to require major capital investment than major process changes, culture; all employees should constantly look for ways to improve their own performance, kaizen encourages employees to take ownership for their work = can help reinforce team working and improve motivation
capacity utilisation:
the percentage of the firms total output that it is currently producing at
Firms should have high capacity utilisation but not 100% the reasons for this include:
- may have to turn away customers if already full
- now downtime making it easier for machines to break
- cannot increase demand during seasonal variations in demand
- no margin for error as every order has to be perfect first time as no time to re do it
Quality: providing a product at the correct time that meets their expectational standards
Methods to improve quality
Quality control: manual inspection of each product done by humans
Advantages:
- can be used to guarantee that no faulty product leaves the factory
- requires little staff training
Disadvantages: - if one faulty product is found, the whole batch has to be checked
- as they are checked at the end poor quality could have been built in at the first step meaning that the steps after would have been useless
- poor quality is built into the product as workers know it will just be checked at the end
Quality assurance: detailed systems that are in place to govern quality at every step of the production process
Advantages:
- company has a quality inspection for every section of production
- some customers get reassurance from quality records
Disadvantages: - quality process not quality product
- encourage complacency
- time and money consuming employing workers to inspect each product after every stage of production
Total quality management: Philosophical way of looking at quality. Every employee considers quality for every product at every stage of production
Advantages:
- should become rooted into the companies culture
- quality is instinctive
Disadvantages: - employees may treat it as 'hot air' and require a specified program
- requires extensive training which costs a lot of money