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Power, knowledge and crime power & knowledge title - Coggle Diagram

- - - - misleading
        
        individual criminal (single decision maker)
        
        intent ( and specific victim)
        
        close and direct link between harmful act and harm
        
        'deviant' and marginalised people / communties as criminal 'types'
    - - women wearing burkas in certain countries
        
        arrested for too much clothes
      - naked rambler
        
        arrested for too little clothes
      - Actions in war
        
        civilian deaths killed through collateral damage
    - - Great Britannia
        
        slave trade
      - Nazi Germany
        
        homophobic and restrictions on marriage
    - - consequences of a narrow focus on crime is that particular groups and individual end up being targeted by the criminal justice system
        
        examples
        
        5 times as many White Americans are using drugs as African Americans, yet African Americans are sent to prison for drug offenses at 10 times the rate of White Americans
        
        African Americans represent 12% of the total population of drug users, but 38% of those arrested for drug offenses, and 59% of those in state prison for a drug offense
        
        African Americans serve virtually as much time in prison for a drug offense (58.7 months) as white Americans do for a violent offense (61.7 months). (Sentencing Project)
        
        African Americans are incarcerated at six times the rate of white Americans.
    - - Criminology itself has a history of following the agendas of the state even when these are limiting, oppressive and even homicidal.
      - The social framing of crimes effectively directs state force against the ‘dangerous’ poor and away from the ‘respectable’ rich and powerful
      - Individualised focus misses structural determinants of harm
    - - expand our imagination to shift away from a limited individualised focus and begin to include harms that are not currently criminalised
        
        including those that are technically illegal but are not effectively policed
        
        State and corporate harms for example include:
        
        Violence
        
        Financial harms
        
        Environmental harms
        
        Acute and chronic safety harms
        
        Denial of rights and social justice
      - take a a zemiological approach by drawing upon other instances to support such as , geography, finance and economics, social sciences and media studies, public relations
      - not necessarily the case that the most harmful social acts will be criminalised or that criminalised acts will be more harmful than non-crimes
  - - - 1990 - contamination of soil and water
      - 1990 - discrimination against an employee
      - 1991 - improper testing of aircraft parts
      - 1992 - design flaws in nuclear plant
      - many more crimes committed - total fine was over £100,000,000