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The Reign of Edward I (1272-1307) - Coggle Diagram
The Reign of Edward I (1272-1307)
The Scottish Campaign
Edward immediately orders John to provide an army to help fight the French.
Many Scottish nobles refused and even asked the French for help to fight the English. The Scottish and French were old allies.
Edward chose John Balliol as the new king, he was crowned in 1292.
Edward invades Scotland. His response was ferocious. He sends his army to Berwick-on-Tweed where they slaughtered everyone in the town. John Balliol was captured and forced to abdicate.
This was Edward's great opportunity. He agreed to choose only if the new king paid him homage. The Scots reluctantly agree in order to avoid civil war
There was a Scottish uprising against Edward, led by William Wallace. They had many victories even though they were often outnumbered. His biggest victory was at The Battle of Stirling Bridge in Sept 1297
There was no clear successor in Scotland. Lots of nobles wanted the throne. This could have led to civil war. Edward (as a neutral) was asked to decide the next king to avoid this.
Wallace was finally defeated at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298. He was greatly outnumbered by the English army (over 100,000 soldiers!). William escaped to France, but was captured and executed in 1305.
When the King of Scotland died in 1286, Edward planned to marry his son to the heir of the Scottish throne- 4 year old Margaret. Unfortunately, Margaret died on the journey to Scotland.
Following this huge defeat, Edward ordered Scotland to come under English rule (it was allowed to keep its own laws). Scottish nobles kept their power, but had to give up their castles. However, English control did not last long following Edward's death
After his success in Wales, Edward wanted greater control over Scotland too
The Welsh Campaign
However, Llywelyn refused to pay homage to Edward, as he had done to his father, Henry III
Edward decided to take action. He summoned Parliament and asks them to raise tax to pay for an army. They agree.
Wales was under the control of a Welsh Prince, Llywelyn.
He marches his army of 15,000 men to Wales. The largest army ever raised by an English King.
When Edward became king, the relationship between the two countries was stable.
Llywelyn was not content. In 1282 with his brother Dafydd, they attack two of Edward's castles
Edward responded by sending another army. He defeated the Welsh in battle. Llywelyn was killed, Daffyd was executed
Llywelyn knew he couldn't win. So he agreed to sign the Treaty of Aberconwy in 1277. This meant he remained as the Prince of Wales, but lost some land and had to pay homage to Edward.
Wales was divided into English style counties, English laws were applied to Wales, Llwelyn's family lost all their land and power. Many castles were built. Wales was now fully under English control.
Who was Edward I?
He was the son of Henry III and grandson of King John
As King, Edward fought a long campaign to conquer Wales. 1276-1283
In 1271 Edward joined a crusade to Jerusalem
He spent much of his time trying to conquer Scotland
In 1264 Edward was held prisoner when English nobles rebelled
Edward had two nicknames - 'Longshanks' because he was so tall and the 'Hammer of the Scots'
Edward was born in 1239
https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/articles/zmmw2sg
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z77dbdm
He is widely considered as a successful king and good military leader, but also a cruel king.
4.Jewish People
When some were unable to pay, he accused them of disloyalty and banned all Jews from lending money
He decreed that every Jew over seven must wear a yellow star
Edward started taxing Jewish money lenders
He later, imprisoned and executed 300 Jewish head of households. Finally, in 1290 he banished all Jews from the country
There was a cruel side to Edward, this can be seen from his treatment of Jews
3.
Parliament
He called parliament before he invaded Scotland. Known as 'The Model Parliament'
The Magna Carta had weakened the king's power. Edward I handled this successfully
He needed lots of money for his wars and castles.
Edward understood that to govern effectively, he occasionally had to concede power to Parliament.
Edward knew the importance of keeping the people and Parliament happy
The Pope
1296- Pope Boniface VIII tried to impose his authority on Edward
The Pope sends a letter (Clericis laicos) telling all English priests not to pay tax to Edward without his permission.
He dealt with the church far better than previous kings (and learnt from their mistakes)
Edward was not happy about this and so he went to Parliament and gained their support to stand up to the Pope
He threatened to take away the lands of any priest who refused to pay their tax
As Edward had the support of his people, the Pope decided to back down
Edward II & The Battle of Bannockburn
The Scots under Robert Bruce, again rebelled against English rule
The Scots defeated the English at the Battle of Bonnockburn (1314) despite being outnumbered
Edward II was a far weaker king and was not supported by many nobles.
Following this Scotland claimed independence. This was recognised by the English
After Edward I died in 1307, his son Edward II became king.
CE Essay Questions
b) What do you judge to be the most important reason why Edward is remembered as a ruthless king? (8)
c) 'Edward I was a fantastic king'. How far do you agree with this statement? (14)
a) Describe two key events in Edward I's campaign to conquer Scotland. (8)