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Dehumanisation - Y2 - Coggle Diagram
Dehumanisation - Y2
Introduction
What makes us human?
- Morality
- Intellect
- Meaning seeking
- Cognitive abilities
- Complex emotions
- Culture and society
- Learning and adaptability
- Language and communication
Dehumanisation = perception of others as belonging to a lower order of humanity
- Denial of full human potential to an individual or social group
- Comes from essentialism ideologies
Moral Disengagement Theory (Bandura et al, 1996) -
- Cognitive mechanisms that deactivate self-sanctions that compel us to behave morally
-> Moral justification, euphemistic labelling (using less harsh words to translate dehumanisation) and advantageous comparison = behaviour
-> Diffusion of responsibility and displacement of responsibility = agency
-> Distortion of consequences = outcome
-> Attribution of blame and dehumanisation = victim
Forms of discrimination -
- Reluctance to help - actively or passively refusing to help people in society, to make they stay disadvantaged - individual, organisational or societal levels
-> Aversive racism - racial anxiety and antipathy coupled with belief there is not as much disadvantage as there is leads to people not offering help
-> When reluctance is attributed to factors other than prejudice, people are less likely to help - Gaertner and Dovidio (1977)
- Tokenism - trivial positive acts toward minority groups without actually helping - often occurs with reverse discrimination
- Reverse discrimination - go out of your way to help people disadvantaged to a higher level, which can also make them feel singled out
Stigma and self-esteem, psychological wellbeing and self worth - - Stigma can cause unfavourable self images which can depress self esteem
- Tokenism can also impact self esteem, as you feel you are only hired for your minority characteristic (Chacko, 1982)
- Reverse discrimination can also lead to overestimation of ability (Fajardo, 1985) -
-> Affirmative action can also provoke a sense of injustice from majority groups and relative deprivation, provoking aggression to re-establish equality
- Attributional ambiguity - stigmatised individuals can be very sensitive to how others treat them and this can lead to mistrust and suspicion in social interactions
-> Also leads to individuals not taking personal credit for positive outcomes, attributing it to tokenism instead
-> Individuals also do not always see failure as due to their prejudice
Failure and disadvantage -
- Having the perception that you are disadvantaged and thus will fail in society can lead to apathetic and unmotivated lines of thinking in minorities - anticipation of failure is big in minority groups (Smith, 1985)
Self-fulfilling prophecy -
- Prejudiced attitudes lead to covert and overt discriminatory behaviour
Models of dehumanisation
The path to dehumanisation -
- Early theories - 70s. 80s and 90s; Kelman, 1976; Bar--Tal, 1989 and Bandura, 1999
- Infrahumanisation - Leyens et al, 2001
- Dual model of dehumanisation - Haslam, 2006
- Mind perception - Gray et al, 2007
Infrahumanisation -
Tajfel's Minimal Group Paradigm studies -
- Social identity theory (us v them)
- Ingroup favouritism and outgroup deteroriation
Leyens et al, 2001 -
- Human essence - language, intelligence, sentiments and reasoning
- Sentiments make us uniquely human
-> Primary emotions = anger, joy, fear, sadness and disgust
-> Secondary emotions = admiration, contempt, pride, resentment and love
Dual models of humanness - Haslam, 2006 -
- Two senses of humanness - human uniqueness and human nature
- Human uniqueness - refinement, intelligence, rationality and self-control
-> Perception of not having this leads to animalistic dehumanisation
- Human nature - warmth, emotional, agency and flexibility
-> Perception of not having this leads to mechanistic dehumanisation
Mind perception - Gray et al, 2007 -
- Two dimensions of agency and experience
- Agency - thinking, self control and communication - animalistic dehumanisation
- Experience - emotions, consciousness and personality - mechanistic dehumanisation
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