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PE STUDIES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Storage
        
        stores minerals such calcium
      - Blood Formation
        
        The bone marrow can produce blood cells
      - Protection
        
        The bones protect internal organs
        
        e.g the cranium protects the brain
        
        e.g the sternum protects the heart
        
        e.g the ribs protects the lungs
      - MOVEMENT
        
        Since bones are held together by joints, they facilitate movement
        assisting the muscles
      - Support
        
        The skeleton provides a framework for the body as well as support the weight of the body
    - - Long Bones
        
        are cylindrical in shape
        
        are longer than it is wide
        
        e.g humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges
      - Short Bones
        
        cube like in shape
        
        e.g carpals and tarsals
      - Flat Bones
        
        protect organs
        
        e.g skull, pelvis, ribs, shoulder blades
        
        provide sites for muscle attachment
      - Irregular Bones
        
        does not fit any other classifications in terms of characteristics
        
        e.g vertebrae
    - - There are 206 bones in an adult skeleton
      - Axial Skeleton
        
        found along the central axis of the body
        
        such as the skull, spinal coloumn and rib cage
      - Appendicular Skeleton
        
        refer to the bones of the limbs and the bones that help attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
  - - - Produces movement
        
        skeletal muscles pull on the bones causing movements at the joins voluntarily
      - Maintaining essential bodily functions
        
        the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls and the cardiac muscles work together to circulate blood and maintain blood pressure
      - Maintain posture
        
        Through the continuous contractions of the muscles (muscle tone), the human body is able to maintain safe posture
    - - Skeletal Muscles
        
        used to perform movement voluntary
        
        controlled voluntarily and consciousy
      - Smooth Muscles
        
        found in the intestines and blood vessels
        
        controlled unconsciously
      - Cardiac Muscle
        
        is the muscle that makes up the heart walls and is responsible for controlling the heart
    - - movement is made possible when muscles contract.
        
        they pull on the bones to which they are attached
      - muscles work in pairs
        
        when one muscle contracts to create a desired movement, its partner muscle must relax to allow the bones to move
        
        this is also known as "reciprocal inhibition"
        
        the muscle creating the movement is called the "agonist" or the "prime mover"
        
        the muscle that relaces is known as the antagonist
      - muscles that contract to hold the surrounding bones still are known as stabilisers
    - - fibrous bands of tissues that connect bones to other bones at joints
    - - fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones
  - - - facilitate gas exchange
      - allows oxygen from the air to enter the bloodstream
      - removes carbon dioxide
      - also plays a role in vocalisation
        
        since the air passes through the larynx
    - - air is breathed in through the nose and mouth
        
        air passes through the pharynx and larynx
        
        air travels down the trachea
        
        air is diverted into the left bronchus and the right bronchus
        
        the bronchi divides into the bronchioles
        
        at the end of the bronchioles are the alveoli where the transfer of gases take place
    - - Inspiration
        
        the diaphragm contracts and flattens
        
        the chest cavity is now bigger which means the pressure in the lungs is lower than the external environment
        
        air is then drawn into the lungs
      - Expiration
        
        the diaphragm relaxes
        
        the chest cavity is now smaller which raises the pressure in the lungs
        
        air is drawn out of the lungs
  - - - transports blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide throughout the whole body
    - - Arteries
        
        carry blood away from the heart
        
        blood is pushed through the arteries by pressure due to the heart contracting
        
        have thick elastic walls
        
        no valves
      - Capillaries
        
        very thin walls
        
        allow oxygen and wastes to pass into and out of the cell
      - Veins
        
        carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
        
        have thin walls and less elastic
        
        have valves positioned at regular intervals
    - - The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
      - Blood is pushed into the right ventricle from the right atrium
      - From the RV, the blood is carried to the pulmonary artery
      - From the pulmonary artery, blood enters the lungs and becomes oxygenated through gas exchange
      - Blood enters the heart again from the lungs through the left atrium
      - Blood enters the left ventricle
      - Blood leaves the heart through the aorta to transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the whole body
- - - - Immediate energy source
        
        the system relies on ATP already stored in the muscles for quick energy
      - CP
        
        when ATP is depleted, the body quickly regenerates it using CP
      - Rapid energy production
        
        this process occurs very quickly, allowing for immediate energy without the need for oxygen
      - Usage
        
        Activities like sprinting, weightlifting primarily use this system
        
        The supplies of ATP and CP are limited, which is why this system is effective for short duration, high intensity efforts
    - - Oxygen Requirement
        
        requires oxygen to produce energy as it relies on aerobic metabolism
      - Energy Sources
        
        primarily uses glucose as its fuel source and fatty acids
      - Duration
        
        effective for activities lasting over 2 minutes, such as long distance running
      - Byproducts
        
        produces carbon dioxide and water which are expelled
    - - Anaerobic Process
        
        the lactic acid system operates without oxygen and primarily uses glucose as its fuel source
      - Energy Production
        
        Glucose is broken down through glycolysis, a process that generates ATP quickly. This allows for rapid energy production needed for short bursts of activity.
      - Lactic Acid
        
        As glycolysis occurs, pyruvate is produced
        
        When oxygen levels are low, the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
      - Duration of Usage
        
        This system is particularly important for activities that are high intensity, lasting from 10 seconds to 2 minutes
  - - - These responses are essential for delivering oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and removing metabolic by-products
      - Heart Rate
        
        Heart rate refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute.
        
        Role
        
        During physical activity, heart rate increases to supply more oxygen-rich blood to working muscles. This helps meet the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients required for energy production
      - Stroke Volume
        
        Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat.
        
        Role
        
        Stroke volume increases during exercise to ensure that a greater volume of oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the muscles with each heartbeat. This helps enhance oxygen delivery and meet the increased metabolic demands of the body.
    - - Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense exercise.
      - Role
        
        During physical activity, individuals with higher VO2max values are able to sustain higher levels of intensity for longer durations, as they possess a greater capacity for oxygen delivery and utilization by the muscles
        
        VO2max reflects the efficiency of the cardiovascular system in delivering oxygen to working muscles and the muscles' ability to extract and utilize oxygen for energy production
- - - - Understanding motor skills is crucial for improving performance, technique, and overall physical fitness in sports and activities
    - - Open Skills
        
        Open motor skills are those performed in dynamic, unpredictable environments where conditions change and require the performer to adapt their movements
      - Closed Skills
        
        Closed motor skills are performed in stable and predictable environments, where the performer has control over the execution of the skill
    - - Gross Skills
        
        Large muscle movements
        
        Include running and walking
      - Fine Skills
        
        Fine motor skills involve the coordination of small muscle movements, typically in the hands and fingers, and require precision and control
        
        Includes writing and sewing
  - - - Initial stage of learning where the learner understands the basic concept of the skill.
      - Characteristics
        
        High levels of cognitive activity.
        
        Frequent errors and variability in performance
        
        Slow, deliberate movements
        
        Heavy reliance on external feedback
      - Instructional Techniques
        
        Clear and concise explanations.
        
        Demonstrations of the skill.
        
        Step-by-step guidance
      - Practice Methods
        
        Break the skill into smaller components.
        
        Provide ample opportunities for practice.
        
        Use of visual aids and cues.
    - - Learner starts to refine the skill, making fewer errors and developing more consistent performance.
      - Chracteristics
        
        Reduced cognitive load.
        
        Increased coordination and smoother movements.
        
        Better error detection and correction.
        
        Gradual improvement in speed and accuracy.
      - Instructional Techniques
        
        Provide specific, constructive feedback.
        Encourage self-assessment and self-correction.
      - Practice Methods
        
        Incorporate varied practice to adapt to different contexts.
        
        Gradual increase in complexity and challenge.
        
        Use of mental rehearsal and visualization techniques.
    - - The skill becomes automatic and requires little conscious thought
      - Characteristics
        
        High level of proficiency and consistency.
        
        Ability to perform the skill under various conditions.
        
        Minimal cognitive effort required.
        
        Focus can shift to other aspects such as strategy or creativity.
      - Instructional Techniques
        
        Provide advanced feedback and fine-tuning.
        Encourage experimentation and innovation.
      - Practice Methods
        
        Engage in high-level practice and competition scenarios.
        
        Focus on maintaining and enhancing performance.
        
        Use of goal-setting and performance analysis.
  - - - Prepares the body for physical activity.
      - Increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles.
      - Reduces the risk of injury.
      - Example Activities: Light jogging, dynamic stretching.
    - - Focuses on improving physical fitness components.
      - Includes activities like cardiovascular training, strength training, and flexibility exercises.
      - Example Activities: Running drills, weight lifting, yoga.
    - - Targets specific skills relevant to the sport or activity.
      - Involves drills and practice to enhance technique and performance.
      - Example Activities: Dribbling drills in basketball, serving practice in tennis.
    - - Integrates all the elements of the session into a cohesive activity.
      - Often involves a game or competitive scenario to apply learned skills.
      - Example Activities: Scrimmage games, simulated match conditions.
    - - Helps the body transition from intense activity to a resting state.
      - Reduces muscle soreness and aids in recovery.
      - Example Activities: Light stretching, slow walking, deep breathing exercises.
- - - - Reduce injuries in sports
      - Analyzing movement patterns and forces.
  - - - The phase where the body positions itself to execute the desired movement effectively.
    - - The phase where the primary movement occurs.
    - - The phase where the movement is completed, and the body returns to a state of balance and readiness for the next movement.